dev week 7

Question 1

key feeding reflex: Rooting:

Answer 1

When the baby’s cheek is stroked, they will turn their head towards the side of the stimulation and open their mouth. This reflex typically disappears at around 3 weeks when is replaced by voluntary head turning.

Question 2

key feeding refelx Sucking:

what age is it replaced by voluntary

Answer 2

Babies suck repeatedly when something (usually a source of food) is put in their mouth. This is generally replaced by voluntary sucking at around 4 months

Question 3

This grasping reflex exists in the foot as well as in the hand. This reflex is likely to be an evolutionary remnant: the grasping reflex in the hands and feet may once have helped baby cling on to (hairy) mother – the way non-human primates still do today. This reflex generally disappears by around _____ of age when it is replaced with voluntary grasping.

Answer 3

4 months

Question 4

Babinksi reflex (sometimes referred to as the “plantar” reflex)

Answer 4

This reflex occurs when the bottom of baby’s foot is stroked, the toes fan out and then curl. This reflex generally disappears around 8-12 months (adults are more likely to point the foot when the bottom of it is stroked), and long-term persistence of this reflex might indicate neurological problems (but not always!).

Question 5

dynamic systems view of motor development

Answer 5

emphasizing a confluence of many factors
– Not only neural mechanisms but also increases in strength, posture,control, balance, perceptual skills, and motivation

Question 6

what did Thelen do to Test the Dynamic systems view

(including stepping reflex)

Answer 6

• Thelen et al., performed two experiments to test the
  hypothesis that rapid increases in infants’ weight made it
  impossible for them to execute stepping motions.
  – In one experiment, weights were attached to the ankles of infants
  who still had the stepping reflex, and the babies suddenly stopped
  stepping.
  – In the second study, infants who no longer showed the stepping reflex
  were found to do so when they were suspended waist-deep in a tank
  of water that supported their weight.
• Therefore, the movement pattern and its neural basis
  remained but was masked by the changing ratio of leg weight
  to strength.

Question 7

For the first few months,
infants are limited to
______ movements
– clumsy swiping
movements by young
infants toward the
general vicinity of objects
they see
* Infants begin
successfully reaching for
objects at around __ to __
months of age

Answer 7

prereaching

3 to 4

Question 8

by 36 weeks, babies can do the ____ grasp

by 52 weeks, babies can do the ____ grasp

Answer 8

scissor (Thumb and finger

pincer (thumb + forefinger)

Question 9

At around ______ of
age, infants become
capable of self
locomotion for the first
time as they begin to
crawl

Answer 9

8 months

Question 10

Infants begin walking independently at around 1____ to ____ months of age,
using a toddling gait
* Karen Adolph and colleagues (Adolph et al., 1993) found that infants
do not transfer learning from what they know about crawling down
slopes to walking down them….
(slopes)

Answer 10

3 to 14 months

do not transfer learning from what they know about crawling down
slopes to walking down them

Question 11

Gibson and Walk (1960) found that ____ to ____
month-old infants would not cross the deep
side of the cliff, showing …

Answer 11

6- to 14-

they perceived and
understood the depth cue of relative size

Question 12

infants learn to fear heights when they learn..

Answer 12

how to crawl

Question 13

Toddlers also make ____ _____, in that they try to treat a miniature replica
object as if it was a much larger real one (DeLoache et al., 2004)

Answer 13

scale errors

Question 14

Why do children make scale errors?

Answer 14

1. Dissociation between dorsal/ventral visual processing streams?
   (i.e., what and where pathways
   some how the visual information for planning an action is not correctly integrated with the system for executing that action)
2. Centration
3. Failure to inhibit an automatically afforded action?

Question 15

• Primary motor cortex (M1)

Answer 15

First area of the cortex to
develop
– Responsible for voluntary
(nonreflexive) movement
– Begins with raising head
(1 month), control of
arms and trunk (3
months); leg control is
last to develop

Question 16

centration

Answer 16

focus on one perceptually salient
aspect of the stimulus and ignore the other stimulus
dimensions