define development, types of development and how to improve each type
- sustained increase in the standard of living in a society
- human development (freedoms+opportunities)
- economic (economic growth)
- sociopolitical (gender equality, education, democratic +responsible governments, low corruption, fair legal system)
define corruption
abuse of entrusted power for private gain
measures of development
- Income-based, e.g GDP per capita, Gini coefficient.
- more holistic measures, eg. HDI (life expectancy, education + income), HPI (life satisfaction, life expectancy, ecological footprint)
Modernisation theory
Blames developing countries for being poor, eg. for not having ‘correct’ cultural values, like being capitalistic/individualistic. Every country can become developed by just following the path/trajectory industrialised Western countries developed.
suggests there is only one way for a country to develop.
dependency theory
Blames developed countries for keeping developing countries poor.
Rich countries have and continue to exploit poorer countries, eg. slavery, colonisation, Nikesweatshops, because they have an incentive: get richer.
Which modernisation theorist suggested 5 distinct stages of development (don’t need to memorise the stages)
Rostow
Neoliberalism
- replaced dependency theory in 1980s as dominant world
economic policy. - free market fairest and most efficient way for econ dev, because healthy competition => sustainable growth+dev.
- inspired Washington Consensus
Washington Consensus
- lighter neoliberalism
- attempts to balance deregulation and
government that can manage liberalization’s -ve effects
define globalisation, and types.
- interaction+integration between people + governments
- economic, political, cultural
economic globalisation
interdependence of global economies, ie. cross-border
movement of g/s, money and technologies
Political globalisation
increase of global governance beyond nation-states, ie. rise in influence for IGOs/NGOs (groups tackling global problems, eg. climate change.)
Cultural globalization
increased sharing of ideas+ values, ie. internation flow of cultural norms, values and media
Impact of different types of globalisation on states
econ: freer movement of
capital, products and business ideas, greater access to cheaper labour.
pol: citizens greater access to powerful groups outside of their own nation, that can influence nation states.
cul: access to rights+beliefs, eg. Hollywood promotes individualism + feminism
Impact of different types of globalisation on private groups
econ+cul: benefits MNCs by increasing trade, investment opportunities, business ideas.
pol: more access to aid services + pressure groups
Impact of different types of globalisation on culture
econ: access to international g/s, eg. restaurant chains, media, social media
pol: IGOs/NGOs, require promotion of cultural norms such as human rights
cul: world culture more homogenised: Western culture dominates. However Western culture is also becoming more international as it is also exposed to more cultures, so could argue there’s less homogenisation.
impact on global political interaction
econ: reduce potential of armed conflict, due to econ. interdependence
pol: more pressure on states to cooperate on issues raised by IGOs/NGOs.
advantages of globalisation
- econ growth: access to more markets => increase in workers/resources => increased wealth
- standards of living: increased wealth => access to wider variety of g/s
- democracy: open economies=> open politically =>greater freedoms for citizens
- culture: globalised cultures tend to embrace modern ideas, eg. human rights,
disadvantages of globalisation
- inequality: eg. when Russia opened its energy markets,
only poltically connected people (oligarchs) benefitee while most Russians didn’t - race to the bottom: workers can’t demand better treatment or pay because corporations can just relocate.
- less cultural diversity: globalisation isn’t always an equal exchange, eg. English and Western culture and corporations are dominant.
define sustainability
- capacity of countries and groups to maintain themselves by reducing factors that threaten well-being
strategies to increase economic sustainability
- building infrastructure
- investment in education, R&D, workforce skills etc.
- increasing jobs + incomes through business development
- reducing corruption
