psychology one > DEVELOPMENT > Flashcards

DEVELOPMENT Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the four key stages of brain development

A

pre - natal, childhood, adolescence and adulthood

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2
Q

what is the nervous system

A

network of nerve cells and fibres that transmit impulses between body parts

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3
Q

draw and label the main parts of a neuron

A

include - cell body, nucleus, dendrite, myline sheath, axon

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4
Q

what does the dendrite do

A

collects chemical messages and transforms it into electrical impulses

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5
Q

what does the axon do

A

carries electrical impulses through the neuron

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6
Q

what does the myelin sheath do

A

protects the axon preventing loss of electrical impulses

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7
Q

name and label the parts of the brain

A

frontal lobe, parental lobe, temporal lobe, occipital, hippocampus

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8
Q

what is the purpose of the frontal lobe

A

problem solving, movement, speaking

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9
Q

what is the purpose of the parental lobe

A

reading, senses

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10
Q

what is the purpose of the temporal lobe

A

listening

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11
Q

what is the purpose of the occipital lobe

A

vision, colour perception

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12
Q

how does the stage of pre natal help brain development

A
  • the neural tube is developed into the spinal cord and brain
  • cerebral cortex is then formed - needed for thinking and acting
  • then divided into four sections
  • neurons begin to develop
  • simple synapses form allowing neurons to communicate
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13
Q

how does the stage of childhood help brain development

A
  • new synapses form to allow baby to see in 3d and colour
  • prefrontal cortex is at peak allowing children to use past experiences to understand present
  • neural connections are then pruned
  • frontal lobe = a lot of development
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14
Q

how does the stage of adolescence help brain development

A
  • brain remodelling
  • grey matter reaches maximum density
    and then prunes away
  • limbic system first to mature
  • prefrontal cortex still developing meaning relying on limbic system to take over
  • explains risk taking behaviour
  • frontal lobe = mature at 16
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15
Q

how does the stage of adulthood help brain development

A
  • prefrontal cortex finally matures (25)
  • helps people make rational decisions and focus on long term consequences
  • brain volume decreases
  • later adulthood development of neurodegenerative diseases
    these are progressive and get worse over time and are believed to result in the death of neurons in the brain.
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16
Q

what are IQ tests

A

tests designed to measure intelligence

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17
Q

who created IQ tests

A

Alfread Binnet

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18
Q

why did he create IQ tests

A

French government wanted to help children in school

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19
Q

what do IQ tests measure

A

memory skills, attention, problem solving skills

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20
Q

how did IQ tests create a controlling society and why

A

psychologists set IQ tests to determine if people could enter the county, get jobs or fight in war - people may not speak native language so unfair

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21
Q

who created the theory of cognitive development

A

Piaget

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22
Q

what are the four stages of cognitive development and ages

A

sensory motor - 0-2
pre operational - 2-7
concreate operational - 7-11
formal operational - 11+

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23
Q

what is a schema

A

mental structures of our world enabling to understand the present

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24
Q

what is assimilation

A

new information that children encounter are merged into EXISTING schemas

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25
what is accommodation
new information that children encounter which results in either a new schema being formed or it alters an old one
26
what is object permanence and what age does it begin to develop and the stage
understanding that items and people still exist even when you can't see or hear them - 12 months - sensori-motor
27
what is animism and when does it begin to develop and the stage
the belief that inanimate objects are alive, thinking with feelings - 2-7 - pre operational stage
28
what is egocentrism and when does it begin to develop and the stage
children's lack of empathy believing everyone else sees the world in the same way - 2-7 - pre operational
29
what is decentration and when does it begin to develop and what stage
the ability to pay attention to more than one aspect of a situation - 7-11 - concreate operational
30
what is reversibility and when does it begin to develop and what stage
being unable to think in reverse order and not understanding if you add something or take something away from an object - 2-7 - pre operational
31
what is conservation and when does it begin to develop and what stage
logical thinking ability that allows a person to determine that a certain quantity will remain the same despite adjustment of the container 7-11 concreate operational
32
what are some criticisms of Piaget's study of conservation
- only on Swiss children - culturally bias - small sample size - not generalisable - study was artificial (lab) therefore it lacked ecological validity (doesn't apply to the real world)
33
what is reductionism
viewing human behaviour from a simple perspective and fails to take in other factors that contribute to how we behave
34
what is holism
recognises the importance of seeing people as individuals and that one approach or theory cannot explain human behaviour
35
how can the reductionism and holism debate relate to Piaget's theory of the stages of development
Piaget's theory can be considered reductionist - he made the assumption that all children are the same - eg: learning disabilities therefore his study cannot be related to every child like he stated
36
what are the three factors Piaget's theory of cognitive development is based on
invariant, universal, schemas
37
what does the term invariant mean
that Piaget's stages don't change for each child. everyone goes through EACH OF these stages ( not skipping) no matter their intelligence.
38
what does the term universal mean
It applies to all people, no matter age, gender, race, culture etc
39
what was the study Piaget completed
the study into the conservation of number
40
what did Piaget want to find out
if age group effected children ability to conserve
41
what was Piaget's hypothesis
children in the concreate operational stage will be able to conserve but not pre operational
42
what was the sample size of piagets study
very small Swiss children three were his own children
43
what did Piaget do to test his hypothesis
- tested each child individually - they were shown two rows of counters that were lined up side by side - both rows were equally matched, counter line one directly above the second - the child was then asked if there were the same amount of counters in each row - the experimenter then spread out one of the rows of counters and the child was asked again the same question
44
what were the results of the study
pre operational - the row that was spread out had more counters children at the end of pre operational stage- understood there wasn't the same amount of counters but couldn't explain why children in the concreate operational stage- they understood and were able to explain why
45
what are the criticisms of Piaget's study
ignores holistic view small sample size - not generalisable completed under lab conditions therefore not ecologically valid only Swiss children - culturally bias
46
who created theory's of learning development
Carol Dweck and Willingham
47
what did Dweck study
growth and fixed mindset
48
what is a growth mindset
people who believe with effort and time they can develop their intelligence
49
what is a fixed mindset
people who believe they think their intelligence is innate and cannot be changed
50
what did the researcher give to the children to test their mindset
puzzles to solve at first easy then harder
51
what where the two different praises the researcher gave the children
intelligence and effort
52
what was the result when children were praised for intelligence
- they had a fixed mindset - stayed in their comfort zone - didn't want to choose the harder option of puzzle to therefore feel a sense of achievement when doing the easier puzzle - when they fail they believe its a lack of their intelligence
53
what was the result when children were praised for effort
- they had a growth mindset - they approached challenges - choses problem solving tasks that increased learning - when they fail they link it to a lack of effort not their intelligence
54
what should teachers do teachers influence children's mindset
by telling students that improvement takes effort and time and they need to work hard to be good at something they should - praise students for effort - give small but do able tasks - encourage students to try hard and not give up
55
what are some criticisms of Dweck
- places failure very firmly on students, if they fail, they believe it is because of their mindset or lack of effort - doesn't take into account other factors such as stress or individual differences that could effect their ability to concentrate
56
who provided support for Dweck's theory
Blackwell et al's
57
what were the findings of Blackwell's study
students with a growth mindset were found to have stronger learning goals and greater motivation levels. students with a growth mindset also had increased levels of math achievement
58
what is a learning style
they way in which people learn best
59
who criticised learning styles
Willingham
60
what are the four types of learning styles
visual, kinaesthetic, reading, auditory
61
what did Willingham believe
there is no evidence that learning styles exist. He also believes that there are preferences of how to learn but teaching to these preferences doesn't lead to better learning
62
what are some criticisms of Willingham's theory
- ignored individual differences - too reductionistic - used evidence from other theories
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