Define Development
The use of resources to relieve poverty and improve the standard of living of a nation. A traditional low technology society is changed into a modern high technology society.
Name some Ac’s, LIDC and EDC
And how are countries distrubuted on the map
AC- america, Australia, UK
LIDC-Congo, Mali, Ethiopia
EDC- China, Singapore, India
There is no trend according to where the country is located which influences how developed they are and 3 categories are not enough as they they are many factors which indicate development,
Evaluate GDP Development indicator
Gross Domestic Product - the monetary
value of all the goods and services produced
within a country’s borders in a year, including
government spending.
Advantage- gives indication of how much the country is making through trade.
Disadvantage- it does not account of inequality, we don’t know it the money is spread out equally.
Evaluate GDP per capita
As GDP but provided by population
Advantage- shows how the money is distributed and includes the population.
Disadvantage- it does not consider social impacts like health care or quality of life.
Evaluate Birth Rate
The number of babies born every year per 1000 people in a population.
Advantage- tells us about contraception, LIDC have more children because there would be more people working or there is a higher death.
Disadvantage- does not consider GDP of country.
Evaluate death rate
Also known as the mortality rate, is most
commonly measured by crude death rate,
which is the number of deaths per 1,000
people in the midyear population.
Advantage- quality of health care and the life expectancy.
Disadvantages- not include money and GDP.
Evaluate life expectancy
No. of years newborn is expected to live.
Advantages- quality of health care and life, vaccinations
Disadvantages- not consider money and economy.
Evaluate infant mortality rate
Possibility to die between birth and 1 year per 1000 live births.
Advantages- maternity care and health care, sanitation, food and water.
Disadvantages- not include GDP, economy and about adults in population.
Evaluate HDI
Human Development Index, measure overall social and economic(health care, education, wealth, standard of living)
Advantages- overall education, social and economic
Disadvantages- not consider population, environment or political factors.
Evaluate literacy rate
% of population over 15 that can read and write.
Advantage- how educated and standard of schools, employment.
Disadvantages- not consider money and economy.
Evaluate Happy index
what extent people are happy
Advantages- uses all indicators
Disadvantages- not account mental health , economy.
What is the poverty cycle?
LIDC–> not enough money to invent industries schools and healthcare. –> lack of industry, poor education and healthcare.–> Few manufactured exports, many people cannot read or write, illness.–> LIDC
What factors make it difficult to break out of poverty?
POPULATION- higher population ,means less resources for people as they are used for more people per km squared, not enough food so famine.
low population, not enough people earning , lack of resources.
high population, more money earned and high economy.
CLIMATE CHANGE- high temps, less rainfall, drought, famine.
more extreme weather, drought/flooding, less earned from farming.
Extreme temps- increase in tourism (Kenya)
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY- if country is landlocked, restricted areas to shipping ports.
countries on mountainous areas harder to grow crops.
AVAILABILITY OF HEALTHCARE- lack of health care, less medicines and less doctors per person, more illness, spreading infection.
epidemics spreading(Ebola)
TRADE- LIDC trade primary products(bananas and coffee), ACs exploit these countries to get products at cheaper prices, country has low economy, lack of resources
Value of products traded, country’s that manufacture products (computer) get more money, countries with lower value products do not have the resources to manufacture higher value products.
Overview of economic development of Ethiopia (influences of population, society, technology and politics)
SOCIAL FACTORS-
Overview of economic development of Ethiopia (influences of population, society, technology and politics)
SOCIAL FACTORS:
- Less money from, trade because costs more as landlocked country do people not get as much money.
- drought so less agriculture and less money for people.
- In 1977-1978 because Ethiopian red terror people lost homes and many, many deaths 50,000 killed and 1.5 million forcibly relocated.ghkl;
- 1984-85 famine and 1 million dead
TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS:
- 2012 training programs and investment for farmers to learn new skills.
PHYSICAL FACTORS:
- landlocked so harder to export and trade and costs more money.
- unreliable rainfall lowland areas and winds so temps vary.
- climate change so dry and wet seasons vary, monsoon seasons often fail so agriculture difficult.
- central and western are mountainous so makes hard to farm and use machines.
POLITICAL FACTORS:
- second world war caused conflict and loss of life, Italy colonized and invested in highways , rail and power.
- 1977-78 Ethiopian red terror, government took land and evicted owners led to migration, refugees and economic decline. 50,000 dead and 1.5 million relocated.
- Civil war , derg government in power until 1987 and monarchy abolished , 1.4 million died.
- Derg government mid 1980s, strict policy on agriculture, productivity declined, drought and famine
What are the stages of Rostow’s model?
- The Traditional society
Subsistence economy, small scale agriculture, little infrastructure - Pre-conditions for take-off
infrastructure, commercial and large scale agriculture, increased wealth, secondary industries, economy begins to experience globalization - Take off
Secondary manufacturing dominates, increased infrastructure and government expenditure - Drive to maturity
More self sufficient, diverse economy, rapid urbanization, tertiary services dominate - High mass consumption
Services dominate, population wealthier and consuming more goods
Where does Ethiopia stand on Rostow’s model?
Ethiopia is in stage 1/2
- Ethiopia has negative balance of trade they import more than they export
- primary employment is dominant industry. Farming is 85% workforce and 45% of GDP
- Government spending improved healthcare and education, 1991 27% children in 2009 over 90% in school. Now 13,000 primary schools and 550 secondary.
- TNCs invested in parts of Ethiopia and infrastructure improved and water irrigation systems
Evaluate the millennium Development Goals
Please Help Everyone Get More Money during Environmental Growth
- POVERTY AND HUNGER
- not likely to meet
- No. of people who live in poverty has dropped from 49% in 2000 to 29%
- Unemployment rates and still high which explains why lifestyle period 40% of children malnourished and 28% of population like nutrients.
- Because not enough money due to unemployment - PRIMARY EDUCATION
- Ethiopia on its way to accomplish this goal.
- 96% children enroll into primary from 50% in 1990
- the literacy rate is still low and more men than girls. Ethiopia still needs to improve education scheme to fix their education. - GENDER EQUALITY
- Ethiopian needs to improve equality if more girls attend school education gap can be closed.
- 93% of girls in school. This will increase number of women in government from 22% it was 2% in 2000 -
- also need to increase number of women in jobs promote the idea and offer jobs for more women. - REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY
- Ethiopia will meet target.
- Child mortality still issue with 45 out of 1000 period malaria causes 20% comma 20% from diarrhea, - – ——- Ethiopia needs to improve sanitation. They also need to get more children vaccinated it is only 65% 35% are not. Make sure all parts receiving medication and attention. - IMPROVE MATERNITY HEALTH
- this target will be met
- maternity care is improving, mortality dropped by 23%.
- it can get better if more than 55% receive contraception period still needs improving on when women have kids and contraception methods available period - DISEASES LIKE HIV/AIDS AND MALARIA
- 1.1 million still live with HIV 100-percent get malaria net period 89% live within 10 kilometers of doctor. 1 doctor = 3333 people. - ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
- Only 69% receive clean water and water Borne diseases are still Common. low sanitation. hydroelectric power Risen to 41% of energy - GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT
- require 30-50% external assistance.
- Receive $1500-2000 per year
- Still have a debt of 21% of total GDP
What are TNCs?
Trans National companies, very large with operations in more than one country.
Originally companies from developed countries.
Globally dominant and closely linked to trade.
Use labor from LIDCs for cheaper labor
define Globalization
the world becomes a smaller place due to communication and TNCs.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of TNCs for ACs?
Advantages
- TNCs offer consumers a large degree of consumer choice and can improve standard of living.
- TNCs environmentally aware, trying to start up green credentials as they can’t get away with environmental abuse.
Disadvantages
- What happened to UK worker computing against cheaper wages overseas? Large swathes of industry cost to overseas markets. Large pockets of poverty in UK and US
What are the advantages and disadvantages of TNCs for EDCs and LIDCs?
Advantages
- Tncs seen as Architects of globalization. Help build important Bridges between Nations.
- Help develop mineral health in countries may not be able to capitalize on local resources.
- Have brought political stability to countries in eastern Europe and china.
- Improves Road airports and services.
- Help raise living standards.
Disadvantages
- Dangerous or environmentally damaging procedures moved to LIDCs which become a dumping ground for the west.
- Footloose nature of tncs means more branch plants to areas of world where labour is less regulated
- the workers health and safety poor wages are less
Explain goat aid
is a bottom up strategy
- goats given to women in poverty
- goats are bred to create a flock
- milk is used to make cheese, meat which can be eaten
- nutrition improves health
- surplus is sold ; money is invested in education, clothing and food
- sustainable wealth is created
- Social status wealth improved investing in education
- cycle continues of breading, selling, investing and educating
