Development Flashcards by Elliot Jones

What is child development?

The process by which the dependant infant matures into the independent adult, functioning within society

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What factors are involved in child development?

Complex interweaving of biological, psychological, and environmental factors

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Is development the same in different children?

Development in humans follows a predictable pattern and a rough schedule, but no individual develops exactly the same way

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What is important, when considering normal development?

Progress and parity - that children are moving forward in different areas of development at roughly the same rate

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What features of development are concerning?

Disparity in progress between areas of the body, e.g. right side and left side, lower limbs and upper limbs
Disparity between domains of development
Regression

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What is regression?

Loss of previously attained skills

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What does gross motor development refer to?

Abilities required for big movements and activities

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Give 5 examples of gross motor tasks

Sitting
Standing
Walking
Running
Climbing stairs

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What is normal gross motor function in a child of 1 month old?

Symmetrical movements in all limbs
Normal muscle tone
Head lag when pulled up

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What is normal gross motor function in a child of 3 months old?

Almost no head lag when pulled to sit

- Lifts head and chest when prone

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What is normal gross motor function in a child of 6 months?

Rolls from back to front
When held, stands and sits with a straight back
Bears most of own weight

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What is normal gross motor function in a child of 9 months?

Sits without support
Stands holding onto furniture
Moves around the floor, e.g. wriggling, commando crawling

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What is normal gross motor function in a child of 12 months?

Stands without support
Crawls, bottom shuffles, or ‘bear-walks’
Cruises along furniture
May walk unsteadily

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What is normal gross motor function in a child of 15 months?

Generally walks without support

- Crawls upstairs

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What is normal gross motor function in a child of 18 months?

Walks steadily, stopping safely
Squats to pick up toy
Climbs stairs holding a hand or rail

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What is normal gross motor function in a child of 24 months (2 years)?

Runs safely
Throws ball overhand
Walks up and down stairs, both feet on each step

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What is normal gross motor function in a child of 30 months?

Jumps on 2 feet

- Kicks a ball

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What is normal gross motor function in a child of 36 months (3 years)?

Walks backwards and sideways
Rides a tricycle
Catches a large ball with arms outstretched

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What is normal gross motor function in a child of 48 months (4 years)?

Stands, walks, and runs on tiptoes

- Runs up and down stairs

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What is normal gross motor function in a child of 5 years?

Hops
Catches a ball
Heel-toe walking
May ride a bike

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What does fine motor development refer to?

Smaller movements, mostly concentrated on hands

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Give 4 examples of fine motor skills

Grip
Manipulation of small objects
Writing
Using scissors

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Why is fine motor development important?

Because these skills underpin many others

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Give an example of where a fine motor skill underpins another skill

If you can’t hold or manipulate objects, you won’t be able to feed yourself using fork or spoon (social skill)

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What is normal fine motor function in a child of 1 month?

- Gasps a finger when placed in the palm

What is normal fine motor function in a child of 3 months?

- Watches their own hands - Brings hands to their mouth - Holds a toy briefly

What is normal fine motor function in a child of 6 months?

- Palmar grasp - Reaches for toys - Puts objects into mouth

What is normal fine motor function in a child of 9 months?

- Passes toys from one hand to other | - May have pincer grip

What is normal fine motor function in a child of 12 months?

- Fine pincer grip - Points to objects of interest - Releases objects intentionally

What is normal fine motor function in a child of 15 months?

- Imitates to and fro scribbles | - Builds a tower of 2 cubes when demonstrated

What is normal fine motor function in a child of 18 months?

Makes a tower of 3 blocks

What is normal fine motor function in a child of 24 months (2 years)?

- Builds a tower of 6 blocks - Draws a horizontal line with preferred hand, may draw vertical lines - Turns pages of a book individually

What is normal fine motor function in a child of 30 months?

- Can thread beads on a string - Makes a tower of 7 or more blocks - Holds a pencil with a tripod grip

What is normal fine motor function in a child of 36 months (3 years)?

- Builds a bridge using blocks - Draws a circle - Draws a person with a head

What is normal fine motor function in a child of 42 months (3.5 years)?

Draws a cross

What is normal fine motor function in a child of 48 months (4 years)?

- Builds steps using blocks - Draws a square - Draws a person with head/face, arms, and legs

What is normal fine motor function in a child of 60 months (5 years)?

- Uses a knife and fork competently - Draws a triangle - Copies alphabet letters

What is speech?

The actual sounds of spoken language

What is speech produced by?

Co-ordinated action of the muscles of the tongue, lips, jaw, and vocal tract

What is language?

The systems of words and symbols that we use to communicate with each other

What does the term language encompass?

- Written - Verbal - Non-verbal (gestures and body language)

What does speech and language development rely on?

- Intact hearing - Good muscle control - Exposure to language through interaction with other people

What is normal speech and language development in a newborn?

- Cries

What is normal speech and language development in a child of 6-8 weeks?

- Coos

What is normal speech and language development in a child of 3 months?

Laughs and vocalises

What is normal speech and language development in a child of 6 months?

- Understands words such as mama, dada, or bye-bye - Babbles spontaneously, initially monosyllables - Uses a tuneful, singsong voice

What is normal speech and language development in a child of 9 months?

- Initiates adult sounds, such as coughs - Understands simple commands - Understands ‘no’

What is normal speech and language development in a child of 12 months?

- Knows and responds to own name | - Uses 2-6 words and understands many more

What is normal speech and language development in a child of 18 months?

- 6-40 recognisable words - Can point to parts of the body when asked - Tries to sing

What is normal speech and language development in a child of 24 months (2 years)?

- Speaks over 200 words, understands many more - Join words together - Omits opening or closing consonants

What is normal speech and language development in a child of 30 months?

- Continually asks questions

What is normal speech and language development in a child of 36 months (3 years)?

- Can name 2-3 colours - Knows and repeats songs and nursery rhymes - Counts by rote up to 10 - Has simple conversations

What is normal speech and language development in a child of 48 months (4 years)?

- Talks fluently - Counts by rote up to 20 - Enjoys jokes

What is normal speech and language development in a child of 60 months (5 years)?

- Fluent in speech and mostly grammatically correct | - Interested in reading and writing

What does social development refer to?

Growth in relationships with others, within the construct of their culture and society

What is socialisation?

The process of learning the skills and attitudes peculiar to the community in which the child lives

What do children need to do in order to build and maintain healthy relationships with adults and children?

Develop an understanding of actions, intentions, and feelings of others

What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a newborn?

- Responds to being picked up | - Enjoys feeding and cuddling

What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 6 weeks?

- Gazes at adult faces | - Social smile

What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 3 months?

- Smiles at familiar faces and at strangers

What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 6 months?

- Feeds self with fingers | - Shows stranger fear

What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 9 months?

- Waves bye - Plays peek-a-boo - Shows likes and dislikes

What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 12 months?

- Drinks from a cup with 2 hands | - Has seperation anxiety

What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 18 months?

- Uses a spoon - Plays contentedly alone, near a familiar adult - Eager to be independent

What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 24 months?

- Displays frustration (temper tantrums) - Dresses self - Begins to express feelings

What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 30 months?

- Eats skilfully with a spoon, may use a fork - May use toilet independently - Plays alone and alongside other children (parallel play) - Enjoys pretend play

What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 36 months (3 years)?

- Shows affection for younger siblings - Probably toilet-trained, though may still be wet at night - Enjoys helping adults, imitating household tasks - Has friends

What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 48 months (4 years)?

- Eats skilfully with fork and spoon - Brushes own teeth - Shows sensitivity to others - Takes turns

What is normal social, emotional, and behavioural development in a child of 60 months (5 years)?

- Very definite likes and dislikes - Shows sympathy and comforts friends - Dresses without help, except laces - Engages in co-operative and imaginative play, observing rules

What does hearing and vision refer to?

The acquisition of mature sight and sound interpretation

Why is development of hearing and site important?

As they allow for development within other domains

Give an example of where hearing and vision are important for the development of other domains

In order to acquire a gross motor skill such as walking or running, it is important that the child has adequate vision to do so

What is normal hearing and vision development in a newborn?

- Fascinated by human faces - Turns head towards light - Startled by sudden noises

What is normal hearing and vision development in a child of 1 month?

- Turns head towards diffuse light and stares at bright objects - Startles to loud noises

What is normal hearing and vision development in a child of 3 months?

- Focuses eyes on same point - Moves head deliberately to gaze around them - Refers moving objects to still ones

What is normal hearing and vision development in a child of 6 months?

- Adjusts position to see objects | - Turns towards source of sounds

What is normal hearing and vision development in a child of 12 months?

- Sees almost as well as an adult | - Knows and responds to their own name

What is normal hearing and vision development in a child of 18 months?

Recognises themselves in the mirror

What is normal hearing and vision development in a child of 24 months (2 years)?

- Recognises familiar people in photographs | - Listens to conversations with interest

What is normal hearing and vision development in a child of 30 months?

- Recognises self in photographs | - Recognises small details in picture books

What is normal hearing and vision development in a child of 48 months (4 years)?

- Matches primary colours | - Listens to long stories with attention

What is normal hearing and vision development in a child of 60 months (5 years)?

- Can match 10 colours

Development Flashcards

(82 cards)