402- Paediatrics > Development and developmental disorders > Flashcards

Development and developmental disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Gross motor red flags:

  • Head control
  • Sitting unsupported
  • Standing unsupported
  • Walking
A

Head control
- 4 months

Sitting unsupported
- 9 months

Standing unsupported
- 12 months

Walking
- 18 months/ 2 years

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2
Q

Fine motor red flags:

  • Reaching for objects
  • Transferring object from hand to hand
  • Pincer grip
  • Drawing
A

Reaching for objects
- 6 months

Transfer objects hand-to-hand
- 9 months

Pincer grip
- 12 months

Drawing
- 2.5 years

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3
Q

Social development red flags

  • Smiling
  • Fear of strangers
  • Feeding self
  • Symbolic play
  • Interactive play
A

Smiling
- 8 weeks

Fear of strangers
- 10 months

Feeding self
- 18 months

Symbolic play
- 2-2.5

Interactive play
- 3-3.5

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4
Q

Speech development, red flags:

  • Polysyllabic babbling
  • Consonant babbling
  • Knowledge of 6 words
  • Joining words to phrases
  • 3-word sentence
A

Polysyllabic babbling
- 7 months

Consonant babbling
- 10 months

6 words
- 18 months

Words to phrases
- 2 years

3-word sentence
- 2.5 years

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5
Q

Cerebral palsy definition

A
  • Non-progressive
  • Postural and movement disorder
  • Caused by an acquired insult to the brain before the age of 3.
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6
Q

Cerebral palsy causes

  • Maternal factors
  • Foetal factors
A

Maternal

  • Infection
  • Smoking/ alcohol/ drugs
  • Pre-eclampsia/ eclampsia
  • Vascular ischaemia
  • Multiple gestation
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7
Q

Cerebral palsy causes

- Foetal factors (prenatal, perinatal)

A

Pre-natal

  • Genetic mutation
  • Metabolic disorders
  • Congenital brain malformations

Perinatal

  • pre-term
  • hypoxia
  • head insult
  • infection
  • traumatic birth, hypoglycaemia, raised bilirubin
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8
Q

Cerebral palsy prevalence

A

2-3.5 in 1000.

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9
Q

Cerebral palsy types [4]

A

Spastic

  • Hypertonia
  • Brisk reflexes
  • Muscle atrophy and low power

Ataxia (cerebellar disease)
- DANISH

Dyskinetic

  • Slow reflexes
  • Low muscle power
  • Changes in muscle tone

Mixed

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10
Q

Investigations for cerebral palsy

A

Brain MRI

Muscle function

Genetic screens

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11
Q

Differential for cerebral palsy

A

Muscular dystrophy

Spinal muscular atrophy

Brain tumour

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12
Q

Causes of global developmental delay

A

Genetic syndromes

  • Down’s syndrome
  • Fragile X syndrome
  • Fetal-alcohol syndrome
  • Rett syndrome
  • Metabolic disorders

Cerebral palsy

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13
Q

Causes of gross motor delay

A
  • Cerebral palsy
  • Myopathy
  • Spina bifida
  • Visual impairment
  • Ataxia
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14
Q

Causes of fine motor delay

A
  • Cerebral palsy
  • Muscular dystrophy
  • Dyspraxia
  • Visual impairment
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15
Q

Causes of Language delay

A
  • Hearing impairment
  • Social circumstances: multiple languages, siblings
  • Autism
  • Cerebral palsy
  • Neglect.
  • Learning disability
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16
Q

Causes of social delay

A
  • Autism
  • Emotional and social neglect
  • Parenting problems.
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17
Q

Risk factors for learning disabilities

A
  • Family history

- Environmental: abuse, neglect, psychological trauma

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18
Q

Associations with learning disabilities

A
  • Epilepsy
  • Autism
  • Genetic syndromes: Down’s syndrome
  • Perinatal complications: prematurity, hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy.
  • Childhood infections: i.e. meningitis
  • Antenatal syndrome: fetal-alcohol syndrome, maternal chickenpox.
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19
Q

Assessment of learning disability

A

IQ test

  • 55-70 = mild
  • 40-55 = moderate
  • 25- 40= severe
  • < 25= profound.
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20
Q

Posterior fontanelles close _____ after birth

A

2-3 months

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21
Q

The anterior fontanelle closes around _______ after birth

A

18 months

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22
Q

The moro reflex disappears ____ after birth

A

3-6 months

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23
Q

The babinski reflex disappears roughly ______ after birth

A

12 months (when corticospinal tract is myelinated)

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24
Q

Gross motor features in a 6-week old baby

A

Can lift head 45 degrees when on tummy

Can stabilise head when seated supported.

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25
Fine motor features in a 6-week old baby
Track objects/ face
26
Speech/language motor features in a 6-week old baby
Startles to loud noise
27
Social features in a 6-week old baby
Social smiling
28
Gross motor features in a 6-month old baby
Sitting unsupported, rounded back Rolls from tummy to back
29
Fine motor features in a 6-month old baby
Palmar grasp (5m) Transfer objects from hand to hand
30
Speech/ language features in a 6-month old baby
Turns head to loud noise Understands bye/bye, no (7m) Monosyllabic babbling
31
Social features in a 6-month old baby
Puts objects to mouth Shakes rattle Reaches for bottle/ breast
32
Gross motor features in a 9-month old baby
Sits unsupported, straight back (7.5m) Stands when holding
33
Fine motor features in a 9-month old baby
Inferior pincer grip (10m) Object permanence (peek-a-boo)
34
Speech/ language features in a 9-month old baby
Responds to own name Imitates adult sounds
35
Social features in a 9-month old baby
Stranger fear (6-9 months to 2 years) Holds and bites food
36
Gross motor features in a 1-year old baby
Walking
37
Causes of delayed walking
Duchenne's MD Hip abnormalities (dysplasia) Cerebral palsy
38
Fine motor features in a 1-year-old child
Neat pincer grip (10 m) Throwing bricks (stop by 18 months). Bricks- tower of 2
39
Speech/language features in a 1-year child
Understand nouns 3 words Points to own body parts (13m)
40
Social features in a 1-year old child
Waves bye bye Hand clapping Plays alone near familiar person Drinks from beaker with lid
41
Gross-motor features in a 18-month-old child
Runs (16m) Jumps
42
Fine-motor features in a 18-month-old child
Draws line to-and-fro Brick tower of 4
43
Speech/language features in a 18-month-old child
6 different words
44
Social features in a 18-month-old child
Imitates everyday activities
45
Gross-motor features in a 2-year-old, 2.5 years child
Runs, tiptoes Walks upstairs using both feet Throws ball at shoulder level 2. 5 - Kicks ball
46
Fine-motor features in a 2-year-old, 2.5 years child
Draws vertical line - Horizontal line (2.5) Brick tower of 8 Puzzles Turns several pages of book
47
Speech/language features in a 2-year-old, 2.5 years child
Understands verbs - Understand prepositions (2.5) 2-words join together - 3-4 (2.5 years) Vocab for 50+ words
48
Social features in a 2-2.5 year old child
Eats with a spoon (2.5 yrs)
49
Gross-motor features in a 3-3.5 year-old child
Hops on one foot for 3 steps Walks upstairs, one foot per step - Downstairs two feet per step
50
Fine-motor features in a 3-3.5 year-old child
Draws circle Brick: bridge/ train Cut using scissors--> single cut - Into pieces (3.5) Griffith beads Turns one page of book at a time
51
Speech/language features in a 3-3.5 year-old child
Understands negatives and adjectives | - Understands comparatives (3.5)
52
Social features in a 3-3.5 year-old child
Share toys with friends Plays without parents Eats with fork, spoon Bowel control
53
Gross-motor features in a 4 year-old child
Walks up and downstairs in adult manner
54
Fine-motor features in a 4-5 year-old child
Drawing - Cross - Square (4.5) - Triangle (5) Brick - 12 block tower - Steps - Big steps (5 years) Cutting + beads - Cuts paper in half - Small beads
55
Speech/ language features in a 4 year-old child
Understands complex instructions (2-step) Uses complex narrative/ sequences
56
Scoial features in a 4 year-old child
Sympathy/ concern for others if hurt Has best friend Dressing and undressing Eating without little help - Handles knife (5) Bladder control (4.5) Imaginative play (4.5-5)
57
Red flag for saying clear words
18 months
58
Red flag for running
4 years
59
Red flag for hand dominance
If <1
60
Red flag for point/ showing interest
By 1 year.
61
Features of fetal alcohol syndrome
Small eye opening (palpebral fissure) Absent philtrum (flat nose) Thin upper lip
62
Features of down syndrome
Hypotonia Facial: epicanthal folds Co-morbidites: thyroid, congenital heart defect, hearing Single palmar crease, sandal gap between toes
63
Fragile X features
Macroencephaly
402- Paediatrics
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