development definition
economic and social progress that leads to an improvement in the standard of living and QOL for an increasing proportion of the population
types of factors contributing to development and improving human welfare
- economic
- demographic
- social
- cultural
- political
- environmental
one example of each factor contributing to development
economic - employment
demographic - life expectancy
social - access to services/ QOL
cultural - education/ethnicity
political - democracy, freedom of speech
environmental - pollution
which do u think most important development factor is and why
economic because has a knock on effect on many other factors. e.g demographic –> more money, improve healthcare, higher life expectancy. environmental –> money allows countries to invest in greener transport, sustainable clothes and food etc
4 what subheadings can QOL be divided into (one example of each)
- economic - income
- physical - diet
- social - education
- psychological - happiness/freedom
what is GDP per capita
gross domestic product (per capita) is the total value of a country’s economic production over a year, divided by the population.
what is GNI per capita
gross national income per capita is the total value of country’s economic production including net income from abroad, over the course of the year, divided by the population.
what is birth rate
No_ live births per 1000 people per year
what is HDI
Human Development Index - a score from 0-1 that incorporates life expectancy, GNI per capita and access to education
what is GINI index
the measure of inequality is used to analyse the distribution of wealth or income among the citizens of a country
what is corruption perception index
this scores each country on how corrupt their government is
why is HDI best measure
Takes into account: economic, social and demographic factors of development. Gives us a good overall view. Proportion of each factor’s weight in the index aligns with their importance/impact on development (economic, in this case GNI has the most)
limitations of GNI
doesn’t show variation/inequality that may exist between the population (rural vs urban). ignores social development and human rights. doesn’t take into account things like informal economy
limitations of death rate
HICs like UK have older population so higher death rate. LICs like Bangladesh have more young ppl so lower death rate
what is aid
transfer of goods, money, expertise or services to assist development of LICs and improve QOL
food security definition
a measure of the availability of food and an individual’s accessibility to it, where accessibility includes affordability
development gap definition
the difference in levels of development and standard of living between the richest and poorest countries or regions
factors that lead to uneven development
Physical:
- location (and terrain)
- access to resources
- climate
- hazards
- land locked countries
Human
- war
- colonisation
- corruption
- debt
- education + healthcare
what is debt relief
when all of a country’s debt is cancelled, or when interests rates are lower, so they can invest that money into boosting their development. very effective in the long term if the money is spent wisely
drawbacks of debt relief
- governments (corrupt) misusing that money, and not investing in infrastructure
- although they have to agree to spend the money on education, healthcare and reducing poverty, it’s hard to hold them to these agreements, and ensure that’s what’s happening
drawbacks of aid
- doesn’t reach the needy
- poorly managed government
- unsuitable aid given
- aid not properly distributed
- tied aid
- dependance
what is dependance
when countries become reliant on external support, so are unable to support their own economies
