Development P2 SEC B

Question 1

What is development?

Answer 1

Improvement to people’s quality of life and standard of living

Question 2

What factors effect quality of life?

Answer 2

• Social
• political
• Wealth
• Environment - sustainability
• Cultural - democracy/politics

Question 3

What are the advantages of GNI, as an economic measure of development? (2)

Answer 3

• Easy to measure
• measure country’s level of economic development

Question 4

What are the disadvantages of GNI?

Answer 4

• doesn’t count happiness
• • higher GNI can hide widespread inequality

Question 5

Why is HDI a good measure to use for judging the development of a country? (3)

Answer 5

• uses 2 types of social data and 1 type of economic data- shows quality of life and standard of living
• updated annually
• gives indication of how the money is spent

Question 6

What is the difference between standard of living and quality of life?

Answer 6

Standard of living measure economic wellbeing.
Quality of life is about happiness.

Question 7

Describe the disadvantages of HDI?

Answer 7

• some geographers argue that wealth has too much of an important part, so rich countries can be artificially high in rankings
• some think HDI should include more measured, from a range of 10-15 instead of 3, to give the final score
• GNI may hide widespread inequality of a country

Question 8

Define GNI.

Answer 8

Gross National Income

- total value of goods and services produced in country ,plus the income of residents and buisnesses

Question 9

What factors make up HDI?

Answer 9

• life expectancy
• number of years of education
• GNI per capita

Question 10

Name the 3 main causes of uneven development and an example for each.

Answer 10

• Economic causes - most of trade is within richer countries, want to pay as little as possible to LICs ( gte material from LICS cheaper)
• Historical causes - colonisation, wars (due to independence), poverty cycle, high economy already
• Physical causes - natural disasters, landlocked ,extreme climate, lack of safe water, climate related disease

Question 11

Evidence of disparities in wealth caused by uneven development?

Answer 11

• increases development gap
• LEDCs are exploited for goods and don’t get paid enough, because rich countries are powerful
• corrupt governments - less money goes towards benefiting people
• MEDCs get richer/ stay rich
• HICs have more stable governments - more money put into benefiting people
• ## More trade within MEDCs
• NEES have grown
  -in 2014, 35% of gobal welath in N AMERICA , but onlly held by 5% of world’s adult population

Question 12

effects of migration from uneven development?

Answer 12

• NO JOBS
• OVERPOPULATION
• multicutural
• economic migrants

Question 13

How can we narrow the development gap?

Answer 13

• improve trade - fair trade, cancel debt (interest rates are high), free trade through WTO
• Aid
• Support for women - local micro-finance schemes
  - Work for gender equality
• Investment - rich invest into poorer
• Tourism

Question 14

Define sustainability.

Answer 14

When materials/ resources are used in a way that balance needs of the present without compromising the future

Question 15

What factors are affected by uneven development?

Answer 15

• wealth
• health
• migration

Question 16

What is primary, secondary and tertiary activity?

Answer 16

Primary - extracting raw materials - farming, mining, fishing
Secondary- manufacturing/construction - making cars etc.
Tertiary - providing service - teaching, doctors etc.

Question 17

Define a development indicator?

Answer 17

A measure to show how developed a country is.

Question 18

What factor puts countries at a disadvantage when trading?

Answer 18

Landlocked countries

Question 19

What is the multiplier effect?

Answer 19

When profits from sales is used to invest into new industries and the country gets richer and richer.

Question 20

What are the limitations of using economic and social indicators to measure development?

Answer 20

• Data might be outdated
• Some data is difficult to collect
• Some information is unreliable
• Informal work isn’t included in data (get healthcare advice on phone for ppl per doctor)
• Government may be corrupt

Question 21

what is the demographic transition model?

Answer 21

A geographical model that shows how a country’s population changes over time

Question 22

what is infant mortality?

Answer 22

no, deaths of children under 1 year per 1000 live births

Question 23

ppl per doctor?

Answer 23

no. ppl who rely on one doctor for healthcare advice

Question 24

access to safe water?

Answer 24

% ppl who have access to water that doesnt carry health risk

Question 25

# what happens at stage one of demographic model?

Answer 25

HIGH birth rate HIGH death raet stable population

Question 26

# what happens at stage 2 of demographic model?

Answer 26

birth rate : REMAINS HIGH death rate: DECREASES Polulation : GROWS

Question 27

# WHAT HAPPENS AT STAGE 3 of demographic transition model?

Answer 27

birth rate DROPS RAPIDLY Death rate DECREASES population GROWS

Question 28

# WHAT HAPPENS AT STAGE 4 of demographic transition model?

Answer 28

BIRTH RATE LOW /fluctuates Death rate LOW population is HIGH

Question 29

# what happens at stage 5 of demographic transition model?

Answer 29

birth rate is LOW deaths reate INCREASES population DECREASES

Question 30

evidence fort disparities of HEALTH caused by uneven development?

Answer 30

in LICS, mist common death is CHILD BIRTH COMPLICATIONS but in HICS , chronic disease is most common death LICS: infection is 1/3 deaths 2/10 old age 4/10 of children under 15 HICS: 1/100 deaths children under 15 7/10 are old age deaths

Question 31

Stratégies to reduce development gap - 8

Answer 31

INVESTMENT INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT TOURISM AID INTERMEDIATE TECH FAIRTRDE DEBT RELIEF MICROFINANCE

Question 32

How does INVESTMENT reduce development gap?

Answer 32

Invest money in LIC to increase profit involving: - construction of dams (electricity) - improvement of harbours and ports - development in industries

Question 33

How does INDIUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT reduce development gap?

Answer 33

1) factory creates employment /money 2) money invested in SCHOOLS/WATER/HEALTH 3) population is better educated 4) opportunities for new investment

Question 34

How does TOURSIM reduce development gap?

Answer 34

Tourism increases INCOME for schools and healthcare , housing

Question 35

How does FAIRTRADE reduce development gap?

Answer 35

Improves quality of life for farmers - get all money for crops (fair price) - part of price is invested in LOCAL COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS

Question 36

How does DEBT RELIEF reduce development gap?

Answer 36

- build up of debts in 1970-80 - DEBT CRISIS - so borrowed money to develop economy as HICS CANCELLED DEBTS - money saved in debt can be used to develop services, infrastructure

Question 37

What is microfinance ?

Answer 37

Small scale financial support from banks to help poor

Question 38

reducing development gap case study : Jamaica - how has tourism reduced the development gap ?

Answer 38

**ECONOMY**: - Tourism accounts for ***34% GDP*** in 2019 - Earns ***£2 billion a year*** in tourist revenues **EMPLOYMENT**: Employs ***300,000 people*** directly and indirectly ***Multiplier effect***: Help boost the economy through local spending in shops and on services **INFRASTRUCTURE** : The north coast saw a ***new port and cruise liner facilities*** together with ***new hotel accommodations*** being built - Narrows the gap as more tourists are attracted to the area which generates more jobs which in turn boosts the economy

Question 39

Jamaica : ad and dis on environment due to toursim?

Answer 39

ad: Conservation & landscaping - water treatment to reduce pollution from hotels - ecotourism developments DIS : Footpath erosion - excessive waste - use of water, harmful emissions