Development theories

Question 1

Freud’s Psychosexual Development Theory: Age 0-2 years

Answer 1

Oral: Pleasure source is the mouth (sucking, biting, swallowing). Conflict is weaning away from mother’s breast.

Question 2

Freud’s Psychosexual Development Theory: Age 2-4 years

Answer 2

Anal: Pleasure source is the anus (defecating or retaining feces). Conflict is toilet training.

Question 3

Freud’s Psychosexual Development Theory: Age 4-5 years

Answer 3

Phallic: Pleasure source is the genitals. Conflict involves Oedipus (boys) and Electra (girls).

Question 4

Freud’s Psychosexual Development Theory: Age 6 to puberty

Answer 4

Latency: Sexual urges are sublimated into sports and hobbies. Same-sex friends help avoid sexual feelings.

Question 5

Freud’s Psychosexual Development Theory: Puberty onwards

Answer 5

Genital: Physical sexual changes reawaken repressed needs. Direct sexual feelings towards others lead to sexual gratification.

Question 6

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development: Birth to 1 year

Answer 6

Trust vs. mistrust: Babies learn to trust or mistrust that others will care for their basic needs.

Question 7

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development: 1-3 years

Answer 7

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt: Children learn to be self-sufficient or to doubt their own abilities.

Question 8

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development: 3-5 years

Answer 8

Initiative vs. guilt: Children want to undertake adult-like activities and may feel guilty for overstepping limits.

Question 9

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development: 6-11 years

Answer 9

Industry vs. inferiority: Children learn to be competent and productive or feel inferior.

Question 10

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development: 12-18 years

Answer 10

Identity vs. role confusion: Adolescents try to figure out ‘Who Am I?’ and establish identities.

Question 11

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development: 19-35 years

Answer 11

Intimacy vs. isolation: Young adults seek companionship and love or become isolated.

Question 12

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development: 35-50 years

Answer 12

Generativity vs. stagnation: Middle-aged adults are productive or become stagnant.

Question 13

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development: 50+ years

Answer 13

Integrity vs. despair: Older adults seek to make sense of their lives or despair at unachieved goals.

Question 14

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development: Sensory-motor stage (Birth-2 yrs)

Answer 14

Characterised by differentiating self from objects and achieving object permanence.

Question 15

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development: Pre-operational stage (2-7 years)

Answer 15

Characterised by egocentric thinking and classifying objects by a single feature.

Question 16

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development: Concrete operational stage (7-11 years)

Answer 16

Characterised by logical thinking about objects and events, achieving conservation of number, mass, and weight.

Question 17

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development: Formal operational stage (11 years and up)

Answer 17

Characterised by logical thinking about abstract propositions and testing hypotheses systematically.

Question 18

Havinghurst’s Theory of Adult Development: Early adulthood

Answer 18

Finding a mate, having children, managing a home, and starting a profession.

Question 19

Havinghurst’s Theory of Adult Development: Middle adulthood

Answer 19

Achieving civic and social responsibility, economic stability, and raising teenagers.