Phonology
speech sounds
Morphology
smallest unit of words (plural s, root word)
Syntax
- sentence structure
- word order
Semantics
- meaning of words
- focuses on the vocabulary we use
Pragmatics
- social skills
- how we use language
Perlocutionary Stage
birth-8-10 months. vegetative sounds, sound play. Communication is not intentional. 3 main elements of this stage are turn taking, eye contact, and attention
Illocutionary Stage
8-10 months through 12 months. intent to communicate through gestures and nonlinguistic vocalizations. regulates attention with adult. Words not considered true. Babbling such as “mamamama, mataba”
Locutionary Stage
12 months or when child says his/her first word. meaning must be correct behind the word. unstable vocab still in this stage.
0-1 months
- Phonology: Vocalizing (crying, sneezing, burping, coughing.)
- Pragmatics: eye contact (birth)
- Motor: turns/lifts head
2-3 months
- Phonology: Laughing and coo-goo sounds. (back sounds + vowel) example: “ga”.
- Pragmatics: smile, joint attention, turn taking
- Motor: turns/lifts head
4-6 months
- Phonology: exploration/expansion / vocal play (raspberries, squeals, yelling)
- Pragmatics: joint attention, turn taking (perlocutionary)
- Motor: rolls over, sits up (6m)
6-9 months
- Phonology: Reduplicated Babbling. (Same consonant over and over again). Example would be “mamamama”
- Semantics: Begins to respond to name (6m)
- Pragmatics: deictic gestures. Ex: show, give, point. Function to gain or maintain attention with partner. Request/draws attention to a referent, Producing jargon with carried intonation -> usually accompanied by gestures
- Motor: sits up (6m), crawling (9m)
10-12 months
- Phonology: Variegated babbling. This is how a child expands his/her vowel + consonant inventory. Example would be “mataba”
- Semantics: 50 words in receptive vocab
- Pragmatics: production of jargon words with varied intonation. Usually accompanied by gestures, requesting through various gestures. Ex: putting up arms to be picked up (10m)
- Motor: pull to stand and crawl
12-18 months
- Phonology: CV, CVCV shape. More variability. Example: mama, kiki/cookie.
- Semantics: first word (10-13). lexicon- 10-15 words (unstable vocabulary (15m), communicates primarily through gestures OR words(15m)
- Pragmatics: iconic gestures/representational gestures/baby signs. Ex: might put up hands to represent “bear”(12m), communicate with gestures or words, individually(12-16m), point and say a word (15-16m)
- Motor: Walks (12m)
18-24 months
- Phonology: CVC and 2 syllable words emerge. Example: “baseball”
- Syntax: two word utterances, What+this/that
- Semantics: 50 word vocab, 2 word combinations. Word learning becomes faster, the words produced should be mostly recognizable, some verbs.
- Pragmatics: gestures are integrated with speech
24-28 months
- Phonology: now able to say longer words. CVCVc, CVC. Final deletion is still typical.
- Syntax: sentence types and complexity begin to vary, 3-word utterances
- Semantics: verb spurt (starts using verbs + nouns)
- Pragmatics: emblem gestures (Ex: thumbs up, give me five)…likely routine- based
29-35 months
- Syntax: Multi-word utterances
- Semantics: Child starts using other word classes (ex: adjectives)
- Pragmatics: Beat gestures (talking with hands “rhythmic”)
36 months / 3 years
- Phonology: Final consonant deletion resolves and is no longer typical. Might need intervention if child is still doing it.
- Syntax: sentence types and complexity begin to vary, MLU continues to grow and expands rapidly
- Semantics: 1,000 words in expressive vocab
Form
phonology, morphology, syntax
Content
semantics
Use
pragmatics
Deictic gestures
Gestures that refer to something in the environment (showing, giving, pointing, and ritual request (prelinguistic)
Representational gestures
Iconic gestures that convey some aspect of the referent’s meaning (sticking tongue out for frog)
Beat gestures
manual movements that are produced with the rhythm of speech but do not convey semantic or deictic reference (talking with hands)
