developmental processes, clinical science & genetics

Question 1

increased risk for sporadic schizophrenia

Answer 1

advanced paternal age

Question 2

conservation of liquid

Answer 2

concrete operational stage

Question 3

Margaret Mahler’s sequence of infant developement

Answer 3

autistic phase, symbiotic phase, separation-individuation

autistic- first weeks of life, total detachment and self absorption, most time sleeping

symbiotic phase- until about 5 mo old, infant recognizes mother but lacks sense of individuality

separation individuation has 3 phases:

1. hatching- infant shows increased interest in outside world.
2. practicing (9-16 mo)- infant develops physical ability to separate from mother
3. rapprochment (15-24 mo), infant explores outside world but requires mother to be present and to be able to support child in task emotionally

Question 4

klinefelter syndrome

Answer 4

meiotic nondysjunction
males have extra X chrom
47 XXY

tall, long extremities, testicular atrophy, gynecomastia, developmental delay
higher mortality from breast cancer

Question 5

ages of different plays

Answer 5

2- parallel play
3- associative
4- cooperative

Question 6

genes in human genome

Answer 6

25k

Question 7

extinction

Answer 7

loss of previously learned operant response after no longer reinforced by a stimulus

Question 8

Erick Erikson 8 stages of development

Answer 8

1. trust v mistrust (birth to 18m): basic trust

2, autonomy v shame (18 mo-3y)- toddlers need to do things themselves; control and dependence

3. initiative v guilt (3-6yo)- early childhood: kids learn how to exert themselves, guilt if not supported, finding purpose, taking control of environment
4. industry v inferiority: (6-up to age 12)- self confidence and self interests and abilities. competence, social skills (going to school)
5. Identity v role confusion: (ages 12-19); develop self identity and determine how they will fit into society in adulthood. identity and commitment
6. intimacy v isolation (18y-35)- ability to form close attachments with others, including romantic, commitment
7. generativity vs stagnation (35-65)- middle adulthood, where an individual faces question of how to contribute to society
8. ego integrity v despair (65 to death): late adulthood, looking back over accomplishments and determining if they are fulfilled or dissatified.

Question 9

concrete operational stage

Answer 9

piaget

learn rules around ags 7-11 such as conservation,
decentering (multiple aspects of a problem to solve it), reversibility (understanding numbers can be changed and return to original state), transivity (ability to sort objects mentally and recognize relationships among things in a series).

Question 10

oedipal complex

Answer 10

Freud’s theory
phallic phase
a boys unconsious desire to possess his mother sexually and kill his father
castration anxiety are boys who have guilt from oedipal complex
starts during PHALLIC phase

phallus phase: girls have penis envy, age 3-5

age 12-18 genital phase

Question 11

critical period

Answer 11

stage in lifespan of organism in which nervous susten is sensitve to environmental stiumuli
If they don’t receive appropriate stimulus during this time to learn a skill, they may not learn it.

Question 12

heritable risk of suicidal behavior

Answer 12

relatives of suicide completers and attempters have heritable risk of SAs and completions

4x as high

twins 40-55%

adoptions studies suggest gentic component

Question 13

small molecule transmitters

Answer 13

GABA, glutamate, glycine, ach, serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, histamine

stored in small sunaptic vesicles and mediate FAST synaptic tranmission

Question 14

stored in large gnse core vesicles

Answer 14

somatostatin
hypothalamic releasing hormone
endorphins
enkephalins
opiods

Question 15

herb shown to be effective in anxiety DOs

Answer 15

kava kava

Question 16

SSRI for people with CAD

Answer 16

zoloft

improves endothelial function, reduce platelet activation
modify centrally mediated autonomic function
improve QOL with MDD and CAD

Question 17

when to hospitalize anoroxia

Answer 17

> 25% below expected weight or children rapidly losing weight

refeeding syndrome: prolongation of QT and hypophophatemia

olanzapine shown effective for WG in anorexia

Question 18

Refeeding sydnrome

Answer 18

hypophosphatemia 
hyopkalemia
CHF
peripheral edema
rhabdomyolysis
seizures
hemolysis
QT prolongation 

AMS
ventricular arrythmias
proximal myopathy an dileus
red cell hemolysis 
thrombocytopenia
white cell phagocytosis 

TX: oral sodium phosphate

Question 19

Winnicott

Answer 19

known for transitional object, representing mother’s presence

Question 20

Piaget known for

Answer 20

cognitive development. Assimilation and acoomodation to describe how individuals adapt to new info.

assimilation: take in new information and incorporate into existing ideas
accommodation: revising existing cognitive schemas, perceptins, understandng

Question 21

anna freud

Answer 21

“developmental lines”
decribes continuous and cumuative process of character develpment

father freud emphasized interactions and interdependencies in stepwise process

Question 22

Maline Klein

Answer 22

extended and developed freud’s concept of unconscious mind

inner life of infant is rich with aggressive sexual fantasies.
reparation is concept used to make mental repairs to damaged inner world and is key to move from paranoid-schizoid position into depressive

Question 23

chess and thomoas

Answer 23

defined temperment

Question 24

john bowldy

Answer 24

developed attachment theory. innate need to attach to one person for survival.

Question 25

hippocampus forms memory by

Answer 25

long term potentiation of synaptic connections. short term memory involves modification of existing proteins in response to stimuli.

Question 26

forebrain

Answer 26

telencephalon: cerebral hemispheres, lateral ventricles diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalams, retina, pineal gland , third ventricle

Question 27

midbrain

Answer 27

mesencephalon: | midbrain, cerebral aquaduct

Question 28

Hindbrain

Answer 28

metencephalon: pons, cerebellum, upper part of 4th ventricle myelencephalon: medulla, lower part of 4th ventricle.

Question 29

Jean Piagets stages of cognitive development

Answer 29

sensorimotor: 0-2y preoperational: 2-7yo concrete operations: 7-12y formal operations: 11 to adulthood

Question 30

freud's psychosexual stages

Answer 30

oral: 0-18m anal: 18m-3y phallic: 3-5y latency: 5-12 y genital: 12-15y

Question 31

androgen insensitivity syndrome

Answer 31

``` genetically male (46 xy) but body can't respond to androgens so they have female external sex characteristics ```

Question 32

mullerain agenesis

Answer 32

secondary sex characteristic female, short vagina, no uterus XX

Question 33

5 alpha reductase def

Answer 33

genetic males 46 XY unable to convert testosteroe to DHT ambuguous genitalia until puberty when testosterone promotes masculization

Question 34

aromatase deficiency

Answer 34

cant convert estrogens FROM androgens , causing masculization of females 46 XX infants have ambiguous genitalia

Question 35

karen horney

Answer 35

real self vs idealized self social and cultural influnces on psychosexual development "holistic psychology" a personal strives to be seen as a unitary whole therapy is allowing person to strive for self realization by understanding distortions that prevent personality from growing.

Question 36

DiGeorge syndrome

Answer 36

22q11 deletion, autosomal dominant CATCH-22 Cardiac abnormality, tetrology of fallot Abnormal Facies Thymic Aplasia Cleft palate Hypocalcemia/Hypoparathyroidism _ Development delay, speech delay comorbid psych disorders, psychosis in 30%,