Brain Development
Chugani (1999)
-glucose metabolism babies
Werker et al. (1981)
-phonemes babies
Biological approaches focus on the structural changes in the brain
Cognitive approaches focus on the development of cognitive functions
While sociocultural approaches focus on environmental influences
Cognitive development
Piaget and Inhalder (1056)
-three mountain task
Nedospasova (1985)
-three dolls brother task, three mountain task
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development:
People Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years)
Preoperational stage (2 to 7 years)
Concrete operational stage (7 to 11 years)
Formal operational stage (12+)
Focuses on independent learning
Vygovtsky’s sociocultural theory:
How a child can effectively learn through social interactions
Three zones:
Current understanding, can work unassisted
Zone of proximal development, child can do with the help of a more knowledgeable other
Out of reach (this is something that the child simply can’t learn yet)
Scaffolding is the help adults provide to children to help them learn
Development of empathy
Meltzoff (1995)
-adult perform task wrong, baby understand intention
Baron-Cohen, Leslie and Frith (1985)
-Sally-anne task, false belief
Gender identity and social roles
Martin (1989)
-child play what, based on gender or like
Slaby and frey (1975)
-on screen, man woman what look at
Kohlberg’s theory of gender :
Gender labelling (Child can identify gender) 2 years
Gender stability (Recognise that gender can be stable) 4 years
Gender consistency (Recognise that gender can be stable regardless of context) 5-7 years
Issues with this:
Gender can fluctuate and change, yet Kohlberg seems to suggest that it can’t.
Social aspect of dev :
Girls and boys are treated differently by society, thus the development of gender identity is largely influenced by societal norms
Attachment
Mary Ainsworth (1978)
-strange situation paradigm
Fónagy (1987)
-mother attachment style
Role of peers and play
Damon and Killen (1982)
-discuss moral dilemma with peer or adult
Nedospasova (1985)
-three dolls brother task, three mountain task
Childhood trauma and resilience
Fieldman and Vengrober (2011)
-gaza strip, trauma
Bentacourt (2013)
-sierra leone, interviews
Effects of poverty on development
Dickerson and Popli (2016)
-IQ test over time
Costello et al. (2003)
-Native American, casino
