Developmental Pysch Flashcards

Question

Theory of Zone of Proximanal Development

Answer 1

By Vygotsky; supposed that culture/society/environment influence social itneractions, speech and language language and development important to how you structure your thought

Answer 2

looked at how individuals resolve pyschosocial conflicts to adjust to environment throughout LIFE SPAN

Answer 3

the hollistic development (from cradle to grave); Erikson broke it into stages we go through different 'stages' i nlife wherer are personatlities develop (they are pre-determine and progressive) i.e. trust and mistrust in infancy or identity/role confusion in adolscence Final stages are intertritgy and despair, stagnation, identity and isolation

Answer 4

studied the special role of social relationships between parents/children in forming personality and mental wellbeing used animal studies and modern research and traditional psychoanalysis to conduct his studies bomined cognitive rsearch with biology and traditional pyschoanalysis (piaget and darwin and freud)

Answer 5

socio-emotional individual development is influenced by early experiences in childhood/infancy 1. John Bowlby: studied mother-infant bond 2. Mary Ainsworth: tested mother-infant bond 3. Lorenz studied Imprinting

Answer 6

ethnologist looked at how we're biologically prepared for life; looked at how goslings imprint to an object early in life; used wellington boots to test this theory found limits of imprinting= a critical window whereby the goslings lose the ability to imprint a few hours after birth

Answer 7

conducted experiments with rhesus monkeys: 1. cloth mom= no milk but cozy 2. wire mom= cozy but no milk results: 1. rhesus monkeys prefer cloth mom for comfort= shows caregiving crucial 2. monkeys raised in isolation had severe behavior issues forever (aggression, rocking, OCD) if isolation for +3 months

Answer 8

1. Disorganized 2. Organized (Secure and INsecutre) 3. Disorder

Answer 9

Secure and Insecure and insecure is split into: avoidant and resistant-ambivalent

Answer 10

parent must act as a secure basis/save haven AND a motiviator/leader to allow for a child to explore a world 'safely'; inerplay of EXPLORATORY and ATTATCHMEN system when parent is the 'safe haven'; they protect/comfort and support the child (welcomes return) when parent is 'secure base'; parent watches, helps and enjoys with the child (Supports exploration)

Answer 11

the quality of the relationship between a parent and a child

Answer 12

the role a parent must play; this has individual braince in individuals in how stressed they are in being separated or reunited with their secure base

Answer 13

attachment caterogies which useful caterogies that escribe patterns of attachment in adults

Answer 14

how an infnant uses its organizaing vehaivour relevant to attachment

Answer 15

organised: the most healthy/optimal strategy where children grown up having good relationships in later life and academic success.. in experiment: child is tries to have pxotimity to adult in stress/novel stiuation but returns to exploring once base is secure in 'strange situation'; child reduces exploration, is a bit strssed/cries as parent leaves but when attachment figure redurns calm down and resume exploration

Answer 16

organized; detrimental attachment behaviour + overfocus on exploration in 'strange situation' experiment; child overfocuses on exploration, might even ignore attachment figure it they return or focus more on stranger impression; child is fine/non-attached/indepdnent reality= child just as stressed (shown by heart rate/galbanic skin conductance)

Answer 17

organised: too much focus on attachment child= very depdentn on attachment figure in strange situation experiment; child stressed by seperation, cries a lot while/when parent leaves and then difficult yto calm down even when AF returns (might not return to exploration at all)

Answer 18

unclassified cases; added by Main + Soloman: contradictory/variable strategies (fear, freezing, disoretnation, rocking) child might become even frightented when AF return (conflict situations/malteratement) strategies relative to different parents

Answer 19

concerned with individual variances of attachment: conduced studies in uganada and balitmore development strange situation lab procedure

Answer 20

Observed families at home in Uganda: | reviswed Bowlblys papers and reformualted attachment theory

Answer 21

proplonged visits to families in Baltimore looking at children from 1-12 month ages looked at mother-infant patterns and individual differents in moms respones to infants signal

Answer 22

AInsworth: observed and videod attachment relationships between attachment figure and child to analyze different attachment systels included infants of 12 months (as thats when the first signs of selectivve attachment occured) looked at: 1. how children react in strage/novel situations with strangers when mo mleaves room and then the subsquent reunion 2. intiate brief seperations 3. looked at the circle of security

Answer 23

book series by ainsworth looking at loss and seperation (1969) Looked at 1. initial indiscriminable attachment (children only focus on primary care giver) 2. attachement (children use attachment figure as secure base to explore environment and for reassurance)

Answer 24

having one/two people specifically whereby seperation/stranger anxiety is shown and this person is seen as the prominent attachment figure where proximity is key

Answer 25

protects infant from danger but allows for development

Answer 26

- ainsworth strange situation proceudre - attachment questionaire set - narrative stories/picture repsones - direct interviews

Answer 27

- adult attachment interviews - adult attachment projective picture system - self reported questionnaires

Answer 28

'from cradle to grave'; theories that attachment styles in early life consistent with attachment later in life as just our attachment figures changes (parent to best friend to romanitc partne)

Answer 29

'internal working models'; mental representaiton based on epxeriences with attachment figure that anticipate future interactions with others (how we internalize our expectations of attachment figure in our own reactions/respones)

Answer 30

nope! can change throughout life as we develope different views of self, relationships and others parenting interventions are helpful here t

Answer 31

adult attachmet interviews

Answer 32

look at adult attachment patterns/states of mind semi-structure interviews that ask people about their childhood and current relationships look at memories and quality of relationships with carefigvers key is COHERENCE not CONTENT as secure asults tend to give unified/balanced accounts

Answer 33

secure autonomous insecure dismissive insecure preocuppied unresolved/disorganized non-classifiable

Answer 34

there is a continuinity of attachment patterns; | parenting styles of attachment tend to also manifest themselves in chidlren

Answer 35

care-giver tends to use own parenting style/attachment model in care-tyle of children which creates a a cycle of conitnuinuity hence the caregivers mental representation of attachment influences their qualtiy of care which is then placed into the infants IWM and then creates a cycle

Answer 36

used to change parenting styles in at/risk, malgreteated or negelected communities two types are: 1. IPP (infant parent pyschotherapy) 2. PPI (Pyschosocial educational parenting)

Answer 37

Infant Parent Pyschotherapy: collaboration between parent and child in therapy to improve their attachment relationship chases away negative maternal representation modes of parent/cchild interactions

Answer 38

pyscosocial educationalparenting interventions focus on training moms to adopt good parenting skills, coping strategies and learn about child development tries to provide assitance in developing social support networks

Answer 39

looked at how both nature/nurture (person and environment) affect development and created the ecological systems theory

Answer 40

a bioecological modelof human development= a child is raised in context of expanding and multi-variable systems in which a person is integrated

Answer 41

social ideology/values (government, education)

Answer 42

indirect environment systems; laws, economy,

Answer 43

connctions between systems; police, teachers, etc

Answer 44

direct interactions in activites, roles and key relations; parents, friends, home, church, school

Answer 45

media, internet, phone, social media,

Answer 46

age, sex, health (GENES; nature)

Answer 47

equifinality and multifinality

Answer 48

having different development pathways that lead to the same outcome (depression)

Answer 49

having the same early experiment (maltreatment) but not the same outcome

Answer 50

a condition/circumstance that increases the likihood of developing a pyschopathological disorder

Answer 51

factors that increase response to risk/predispotiion to negative outcomes in high risk candidates

Answer 52

promotes + maintains health development

Answer 53

good adjustment despite being at high risk

Answer 54

before interventions: high avoidance/disorganized attachment afer= more secure attachment style and less disorganised/avoidant ambigalent

Answer 55

ways of conceptualization the propensity of human beings to make strong affectional bonds to paritucular others and the emotional distrses/pesronality distrubances that might result from this

Answer 56

any form of behabiour resulting in a person attaining/retaining proxmiity to another individual (usually diffeerntiated, stronger and or wiser) its different that feeding/sexual behaviour class

Answer 57

1. specificity 2. duration 3. engagement of emotion 4. ontogeny 5. learning 6. organization 7. biological function

Answer 58

direction of behaviour towards specific, preferred individuals

Answer 59

attachtment endures but might be supplemented for other type

Answer 60

learning to distinuish familiar from strange attachment

Answer 61

attachment develops in first 9 months; the more interactions with a person the more attachment

Answer 62

relationships are mediated by simple and sophisticated behaviour activated by how the attachment figure responds

Answer 63

almost all mammals maintain proximity in early stages to parental figure

Answer 64

dependnece= not related to pxomiity or directed at somone specific or has a strong feeling/biological function

Answer 65

followed 180 people from 3 months before birth to age 34 mainly children born in poverty (different care qualities and developmental outcomes) all domaints of development studied (cognition, language, socio-emotional) + CONTEXTS (school, home, peers, etc) looked at parenting and own development of chidlren

Answer 66

1. nutrition in earl trimesty important (nutrition of mom) | 2. 'early' is a relative concept

Answer 67

demonstrated that hospitalized babies in first few months (before 7) have negative attitudes towards staff but kids before 4 months= showed no decrease in security of attachment

Answer 68

development the 'transcational model': premature infacts catch up over first year in middle class contexts due to increased response to their need and social support

Answer 69

demosntrates how childs who withold emotional expression is due to rejectio when they express a need result= might later isolate themselves from others

Answer 70

different modes of development where each 'stage' is an interaction between the individua; the moment and the environment (cumulative history more important than early history)

Answer 71

``` child maltreatment witnesses violence family distruption family life stress SES ```

Answer 72

a mental framework that helps us interpret information

Answer 73

interpreting novelities in context of existing schemas

Answer 74

changing/adjusting our schemas to novelties

Answer 75

(e.g. love, grief, anxiety, etc)

Answer 76

- not specifically related to maintaining proximity - not directed towards a specific individual - does not need to imply an ENDURING bond - no biological function - person depdenent= usually seen as clingy/less admirable

Answer 77

Until mid-150s attachment seen as a way for individuals to reduce drives (like hunger) which need another human 1. primary need= food and sex dependence 2. secondary need= personal relationships

Answer 78

- parent sees child as replica of himself | - treating the child as if they were a sibling/jealous

Answer 79

react with fear when not with attachment figures even when not in dangerous situations due to the RISK OF danger. —> this is part of mans basic behavioral equipment (bowlby by 1973); therefore anxiety in separation is normal and healthy.

Developmental Pysch Flashcards

(103 cards)