DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES

Question 1

_____________________ is best known for his famous theory of psychosocial development.

Answer 1

Erik Erikson

Question 2

Erik Erikson is best known for his famous __________________________________________

Answer 2

theory of psychosocial development.

Question 3

His theories marked an important shift in thinking on personality; instead of focusing simply on early childhood events.

Answer 3

Erik Erikson

Question 4

Emphasizes the sociocultural determinants of development and presents them as eight stages of psychosocial conflicts that all individuals must overcome or resolve successfully in order to adjust well to the environment

Answer 4

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Question 5

STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Answer 5

STAGE ONE: TRUST VS. MISTRUST
STAGE TWO: AUTONOMY VS. SHAME AND DOUBT
STAGE THREE : INITIATIVE VS. GUILT
STAGE FOUR: INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY
STAGE FIVE: IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION
STAGE SIX: INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION
STAGE SEVEN : GENERATIVITY VS. STAGNATION
STAGE EIGHT : INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR

Question 6

STAGE ONE: TRUST VS. MISTRUST
Age

Answer 6

Infancy (birth to 18 months old)

Question 7

This stage occurs between birth and one year, where infants depend entirely on caregivers. Trust develops through reliable care, including food, love, warmth, safety, and nurturing.

Answer 7

STAGE ONE: TRUST VS. MISTRUST

Question 8

STAGE TWO: AUTONOMY VS. SHAME AND DOUBT
Age

Answer 8

Early childhood ( 2 to 3 years old)

Question 9

This stage occurs during early childhood, emphasizing personal control and independence.

Answer 9

STAGE TWO: AUTONOMY VS. SHAME AND DOUBT

Question 10

STAGE THREE : INITIATIVE VS. GUILT
Age

Answer 10

Preschool (3-6 years old)

Question 11

Children are now capable of initiating activities and begin to assert control over their environment through social interactions and play.

Answer 11

STAGE THREE : INITIATIVE VS. GUILT

Question 12

• a sense of ambition and responsibility that helps children develop self-confidence and feel a sense of purpose.

Answer 12

Initiative

Question 13

developed when a child’s Initiative does not yield the desired results.

Answer 13

Guilt

Question 14

STAGE FOUR: INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY
Age

Answer 14

School Age (6-12 years old)

Question 15

Allowing children to make choices fosters _____________, while failure leads to ______________________.

Answer 15

autonomy; shame and doubt

Question 16

Encouragement fosters _________________, while lack of support can lead to doubt and an ___________________ in adolescence and adulthood.

Answer 16

competence; inferiority complex

Question 17

STAGE FIVE: IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION
Age

Answer 17

Adolescence ( 12-18 years old)

Question 18

This stage is vital for personal identity development.

Answer 18

STAGE FIVE: IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION

Question 19

Encouraged adolescents explore independence, forming a strong sense of self. Without support, they may struggle with role confusion and a weak identity.

Answer 19

STAGE FIVE: IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION

Question 20

STAGE SIX: INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION
Age

Answer 20

Young Adulthood (20s-early 40s)

Question 21

In this stage, a person wants to develop an intimate relationship with other people, such as Long-term commitment.

Answer 21

STAGE SIX: INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION

Question 22

STAGE SEVEN : GENERATIVITY VS. STAGNATION
Age

Answer 22

Middle Adulthood (40s-mid 60s years old)

Question 23

During this stage, making meaningful contributions, such as raising a family or productive work, fosters generativity and accomplishment. Failure to do so can lead to stagnation and feelings of unproductiveness

Answer 23

STAGE SEVEN : GENERATIVITY VS. STAGNATION

Question 24

STAGE EIGHT : INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR
Age

Answer 24

Maturity Stage (mid 60s - end of life)

Question 25

During this stage, making meaningful contributions, such as raising a family or productive work, fosters generativity and accomplishment. Failure to do so can lead to stagnation and feelings of unproductiveness.

Answer 25

STAGE EIGHT : INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR

Question 26

DEVELOPMENTAL TASK OF THE OLDER ADULT

Answer 26

Ego Integrity versus Despair

Question 27

developed a highly influential theory of human development between 1948 and 1953, focusing on developmental tasks.

Answer 27

ROBERT HAVIGHURS

Question 28

His concept describes development as a lifelong process, where a developmental task arises at specific periods in an individual's life.

Answer 28

ROBERT HAVIGHURS

Question 29

This theory elaborates on Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory of personality development

Answer 29

DEVELOPMENTAL TASK THEORY

Question 30

this theory builds on Erikson's psychosocial development, emphasizing the individual's role in harmonizing challenges across life stages.

Answer 30

DEVELOPMENTAL TASK THEORY

Question 31

DEVELOPMENTAL TASK THEORY identifies six developmental stages and three sources of tasks:

Answer 31

physical maturation, personal values, and societal pressures

Question 32

DEVELOPMENTAL TASK THEORY EARLY CHILDHOOD

Answer 32

1. Learning to walk. 2. Learning to take solid foods. 3. Learning to talk. 4. Learning to control the elimination of body wastes. 5. Forming concepts and learning language to describe social and physical reality. 6. Getting ready to rest

Question 33

DEVELOPMENTAL TASK THEORY MIDDLE CHILDHOOD

Answer 33

1. Learning physical skills necessary for ordinary games. 2. Building wholesome attitude toward oneself. 3. Learning to get along with age-mates 4. Learning an appropriate masculine / feminine social role. 5. Developing fundamental skills in reading, writing, and calculating. 6. Developing necessary for everyday living. 7. Developing conscience, morality, and a scale of values. 8. Achieving personal independence. 9. Developing attitudes towards social groups and institutions.

Question 34

DEVELOPMENTAL TASK THEORY ADOLESCENCE

Answer 34

1. Achieving new and more mature relations with agemates of both sexes. 2. Achieving a masculine and feminine social role 3. Accepting one’s physique and using the body effectively. 4. Achieving emotional independence 5. Preparing for marriage and family life. 6. Acquiring of set of a values and an ethical system. 7. Developing and achieving socially responsible behavior.

Question 35

DEVELOPMENTAL TASK THEORY EARLY ADULTHOOD

Answer 35

1. Selecting a mate 2. Achieving a masculine or feminine social role 3. Learning to live with a marriage partner 4. Starting a family 5. Rearing children 6. Managing a home 7. Getting started in an occupation 8. Tasking on civic responsibility 9. Finding a congenial social group

Question 36

DEVELOPMENTAL TASK THEORY MIDDLE AGE

Answer 36

1. Achieving adult civic and social responsibility 2. Establishing and maintaining an economic standard of living 3. Assisting teenage children to become responsible and happy adults 4. Developing adult leisure-time activities Relating oneself to one’s spouse as a person 5 5. Accepting and adjusting to the psychologic changes or middle age 6. Adjusting to aging parents

Question 37

DEVELOPMENTAL TASK THEORY OLD AGE

Answer 37

1. Adjusting to decreasing physical strength and health 2. Adjusting to retirement and reduced income 3. Adjusting to a death of a spouse 4. Establishing an explicit affiliation with one’s age group 5. Meeting social and civil obligations 6. Establishing satisfactory physical living arrangement

Question 38

was an American psychologist who developed theories of psychological development in middle and late adulthood

Answer 38

Robert Newton Peck

Question 39

4 ADJUSTMENT OF MIDDLE AGE:

Answer 39

1. VALUING WISDOM VERSUS VALUING PHYSICAL POWERS 2. SOCIALIZING VERSUS SEXUALIZING IN HUMAN RELATIONSHIP 3. EMOTIONAL FLEXIBILITY VERSUS EMOTIONAL IMPOVERISHMENT 4. MENTAL FLEXIBILITY VERSUS MENTAL RIGIDITY

Question 40

3 DEVELOPMENTAL TASK FOR OLDER ADULTS:

Answer 40

1. EGO DIFFERENTIATION VERSUS ROLE PREOCCUPATION 2. BODY TRANSCENDENCE VERSUS BODY PREOCCUPATION 3. EGO TRANSCENDENCE VERSUS EGO PREOCCUPATION

Question 41

NURSING THEORIES OF AGING

Answer 41

1. FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCE THEORY 2. THEORY OF THRIVING 3. THEORY OF SUCCESSFUL AGING

Question 42

integrates theories from aging and holistic nursing. Advocates that nurses promote wellness by addressing individuals holistically.

Answer 42

The Functional Consequences Theory for Promoting Wellness in Older Adults

Question 43

The consequences of age-related changes and risk factors can result in either positive or negative functional consequences for older adults. Through interventions that can promote wellness and reduce the impact of negative factors, nurses can promote positive functional consequences.

Answer 43

The Functional Consequences Theory for Promoting Wellness in Older Adults

Question 44

This theory links life experiences to create a holistic view of aging, focusing on the failure to thrive concept in older adults, characterized by physical and cognitive dysfunction.

Answer 44

THEORY OF THRIVING

Question 45

occurs when harmony exists between individuals and their environments, enabling older adults to find meaning and adapt to changes. This underscores the importance of holistic nursing care for healthy aging.

Answer 45

Thriving

Question 46

THERE ARE THREE INTERACTING FACTORS IN A THRIVING CONTINUUM, THESE ARE:

Answer 46

A. PERSON B. HUMAN ENVIRONMENT C. NONHUMAN ENVIRONMENT

Question 47

a complex social, physical, psychological, spiritual being in mutual process with the human and nonhuman environment.

Answer 47

PERSON

Question 48

it is the internal and external human surroundings and the person’s perceptions of the presence, feelings, values, and beliefs of surrounding humans.

Answer 48

HUMAN ENVIRONMENT

Question 49

It is the physical and ecological surroundings of the person, including natural and built surroundings.

Answer 49

NONHUMAN ENVIRONMENT

Question 50

Flood (2005) integrated Roy’s Adaptation Model. The Sister Callista Roy's Adaptation Model views individuals as biopsychosocial beings adapting to changing environments. It includes four adaptation modes:

Answer 50

physiological needs, self-concept, role function, and interdependence

Question 51

includes physical, mental, and spiritual well-being, as well as individual self-appraisal. Flood hypothesizes that high personal control and positive affect lead to greater wellness in aging.

Answer 51

THEORY OF SUCCESSFUL AGING

Question 52

Higher physical health enhances spirituality, contributing to life satisfaction. By promoting health, older adults can develop a positive outlook, improving their ability to cope and achieve greater satisfaction as they age.

Answer 52

THEORY OF SUCCESSFUL AGING