Diabetes

Question 1

Features of type 1 diabetes

Answer 1

• Early onset/ childhood
• Pancreas is unable to produce insulin
• Autoimmune response
• Unable to reverse
• Normally treated with insulin

Question 2

Features of type 2 diabetes

Answer 2

• Late onset
• Insulin resistance
• Lifestyle factors
• Reversible
• Maybe treated with medication/ tablets

Question 3

Testing of diabetes
- fasting glucose

Answer 3

Blood glucose after fasting (overnight)

Question 4

Testing of diabetes:
- random glucose

Answer 4

How much glucose is circulating in your blood – finger prick

Question 5

Testing of diabetes
HbA1C

-

Answer 5

Average blood glucose levels over 2-3 months

Question 6

Testing of diabetes:
OGTT (ORAL Glucose tolerance test)- 2-hour plasma glucose

Answer 6

it takes 2 hours
Fasting glucose then sugary drink then check blood glucose 2 hours later

Question 7

Clinical manifestation of hypoglycaemia

Answer 7

• Pale
• Shaky
• Headache
• Confused
• Fatigue
• Hunger
• Sweating
• Fast heartrate
• Blurred vision

Question 8

DKA

Answer 8

Type 1 diabetes
No insulin means glucose is not stored, so there is no energy stored. Stress trigger (infection) causes fat to be burnt instead of glucose. Fat burnt produces ketones (sweet breath). An overwhelming number of ketones makes the blood acidic. Body tries to breathe out more acidic co2 so deep laboured breathing.
Lots of glucose in the blood means kidneys can’t reabsorb all glucose so large volumes of urine, dehydration, excess thirst and sweet breath

Question 9

HHS

Answer 9

Over days and weeks
No acidosis
Hyperglycaemia
Type 2 diabetes
Blood glucose is very high
Severe dehydration (including in the brain)  confusion, coma

Answer 10

• Ophthalmology is required because diabetes can causes retinopathy due to high levels of glucose causing damage to eye cells
• Podiatry is required because diabetes causes peripheral vascular disease due to high levels of glucose damaging blood vessels and making them narrower