Diabetes

Question 1

diabetes

Answer 1

a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both

Question 2

diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

Answer 2

a metabolic derangement in type 1 diabetes that results from a deficiency of insulin; highly acidic ketone bodies are formed, resulting in acidosis

Question 3

fasting plasma glucose (FPG)

Answer 3

blood glucose determination obtained in the laboratory after fasting for at least 8 hours

Question 4

gestational diabetes

Answer 4

any degree of glucose intolerance with its onset during pregnancy due to placental hormones

Question 5

glycated hemoglobin (glycosylated hemoglobin, HgbA1C, or A1C)

Answer 5

a measure of glucose control that is a result of glucose molecule attaching to hemoglobin for the life of the red blood cell (120 days)

Question 6

glycemic index

Answer 6

the amount a given food increases the blood glucose level compared with an equivalent amount of glucose

Question 7

hyperglycemia

Answer 7

elevated blood glucose level

Question 8

hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS)

Answer 8

a metabolic disorder of type 2 diabetes resulting from a relative insulin deficiency initiated by an illness that raises the demand for insulin

Question 9

hypoglycemia

Answer 9

low blood glucose level

Question 10

impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)

Answer 10

a metabolic stage intermediate between normal glucose homeostasis and diabetes; referred to as prediabetes

Question 11

insulin

Answer 11

a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas that is necessary for the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; a deficiency of insulin results in diabetes

Question 12

insulin pump

Answer 12

a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion device that delivers insulin on a 24-hour basis

Question 13

ketone

Answer 13

a highly acidic substance formed when the liver breaks down free fatty acids in the absence of insulin

Question 14

latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA)

Answer 14

A subtype of diabetes

Question 15

medical nutrition therapy (MNT)

Answer 15

nutritional therapy prescribed for management of diabetes that usually is given by a registered dietician

Question 16

nephropathy

Answer 16

a long-term complication of diabetes in which the kidney cells are damaged; characterized by microalbuminuria in early stages and progressing to end-stage kidney disease

Question 17

neuropathy

Answer 17

a long-term complication of diabetes resulting from damage to the nerve cell

Question 18

prediabetes

Answer 18

impaired glucose metabolism in which blood glucose concentrations fall between normal levels and those considered diagnostic for diabetes; includes impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance, not clinical entities in their own right but risk factors for future diabetes and cardiovascular disease

Question 19

retinopathy

Answer 19

a complication of diabetes in which the small blood vessels that nourish the retina in the eye are damaged

Question 20

self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG)

Answer 20

a method of capillary blood glucose testing

Question 21

type 1 diabetes

Answer 21

a metabolic disorder characterized by an absence of insulin production and secretion from autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas; formerly called insulin-dependent diabetes, or juvenile diabetes

Question 22

type 2 diabetes

Answer 22

a metabolic disorder characterized by the relative deficiency of insulin production and a decreased insulin action and increased insulin resistance; formerly called non–insulin-dependent diabetes, or adult-onset diabetes

Question 23

What hormone inhibits glycogenolisys?

Answer 23

insulin

Question 24

What are the “three P’s”?

Answer 24

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

Question 25

What percentage of the daily diet should be whole grain carbohydrates (for diabetic patients)?

Answer 25

50-60%

Question 26

What percentage of the daily diet should be fats (for diabetic patients)?

Answer 26

30%

Question 27

What percentage of protein foods are converted to glucose?

Answer 27

50%

Question 28

How many grams are in one serving of carbohydrates?

Answer 28

15 grams

Question 29

What is a good range for blood sugar control?

Answer 29

80-140

Question 30

What are few things that can decreased blood sugar?

Answer 30

exercise and diet

Question 31

What are a few things that can increase blood sugar.

Answer 31

Carbohydrates, stress, illness or infection

Question 32

With what type of insulin do you need to eat 5-15 minutes after injection?

Answer 32

Rapid-acting. lispro, aspart, and glulisine.

Question 33

What type of insulin can be given once a day due to its 24 hour absorption?

Answer 33

Very long acting, "peakless" or basal. | glargine or detemir.

Question 34

What is the dawn effect regarding blood glucose levels?

Answer 34

Relatively normal blood glucose until approx. 3 am and then blood glucose levels begin to rise. This effect Type I patients more.

Question 35

What is the Somogyi effect?

Answer 35

Nocturnal hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia.

Question 36

What are the emergency measures for hypoglycemia for a patient that is unconscious or cannot swallow?

Answer 36

Subcutaneous or IM glucagon (1mg) | 25-50 mL of 50% dextrose solution IV push

Question 37

What are some clinical manifestations in the hyperglycemic aspects of DKA?

Answer 37

3-Ps, fatigue, blurred vision, weakness, and headache. Drop in systolic BP to 20 mmHg (orthostatic), weak rapid pulse, and FVD.

Question 38

What are some clinical manifestations in the ketosis and acidosis aspects of DKA?

Answer 38

GI symptoms: anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain. Acetone breath & elevated ketone levels. Hyperventilation: deep but not labored. Mental status varies: alert, lethargic or comatose.

Question 39

High A1C in diabetes does what to hemoglobin?

Answer 39

excess glucose in the blood causes damage and attaches to the hemoglobin

Question 40

Hydration of a patient with DKA is important however these patients are usually on ECG monitoring due to what electrolyte change?

Answer 40

Potassium loss.

Question 41

What is the most common complication that leads to hospitalization in diabetic patients?

Answer 41

Foot injury!