1
Q
Define diabetes
A
metabolic disorder of the pancreas, affects carbohydrates,fat, and protein metabolism
2
Q
Define metabolic syndrome
A
- obesity, especially in the abdomen area
- high BP
- elevated triglyceride
- low density lipoprotein
- blood glucose levels
- low high-density lipoprotein level
3
Q
Type 1 diabetes
A
- produce no insulin by beta cells in pancreas
- younget pts
- autoimmune
- hyperglycemia
- normal body weight
4
Q
What does the pancreas do?
A
- makes pancreatic juices called enzymes
- enzymes break down sugars,fats,and starches
5
Q
Normal blood sugar
A
70-110
6
Q
Type 2 diabetes
A
- insulin resistance or insufficient insulin production
- more common in aging adults
7
Q
Type 1 diabetes is most commonly diagnosed in?
A
people younger than 20 years of age
8
Q
Type 2 is most commonly diagnosed in?
A
- aging adults
- 45 to 65 were the highest among newly diagnosed
9
Q
Pre-diabetes
A
- overweight or obese
- have risk factors for diabetes
- one or more abnormal glucose level tests (HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, or glucose tolerance)
10
Q
Insulin functions
A
- carries glucose into body cells as their preferred source of energy
- promotes the livers storage of glucose as glycogen
- inhibits the breakdown of glycogen back into glucose
11
Q
Polyuria
A
excessive urine
12
Q
Polydipsia
A
excessive thirst
13
Q
Polyphagia
A
excessive hunger
14
Q
Accumulated ketones result in?
A
ketoacidosis
15
Q
Kussmaul’s respirations
A
fast,deep,labored breathing
16
Q
Signs and symptoms: type 1
A
- sudden onset
- weight loss
- dehydration
- thirst
- poluria
- polydipsia
- polyphagia
17
Q
Signs and symptoms: type 2
A
- gradual onset
- skin problems
- UTI
- vaginal infections
- eye disorders
- poluria
- polydipsia
- polyphagia
18
Q
3 diagnostic test for diabetes
A
- HbA1c
- fasting blood glucose
- glucose intolerance
19
Q
Diabetic BS check
A
- glucometer
- upper arm,forearm,calf,thigh
- fingertips preferred
20
Q
Normal A1c
A
below 7%
21
Q
Lagging site
A
- alternate sites to check glucose
- tells blood sugar 20 to 30 minutes prior
- upper arm,forearm,thigh, calf
22
Q
Most accurate glucometer reading
A
fingertip
23
Q
Meal plans for diabetes
A
- carb counting (15 g per meal)
- calorie counting (1500 per day)
24
Q
How much should a diabetic exercise?
A
- 150 minutes a week
- 3 days a week
- dont skip more than 2 days in a row
- exercise allows you to burn glucose
25
Hyperglycemia treatment
- insulin
- diet
- exercise
26
Hypoglycemia treatment
- give sugar
| - give 15g of carbs wait 15 minutes,check BS
27
Insulin pen
cartridge containing 150 to 300 units of insulin is loaded into an injecting pen and disposable needle is attached
28
Jet injector
given with air not needle
29
Insulin pump
continuous infusion
30
Rapid insulin
- acts right away
| - give with a meal
31
Long acting insulin
does not instantly drop insulin
32
What insulin can you give IV
regular insulin
33
What insulin can not be mixed?
- lantus
| - levemar
34
How is insulin prescribed?
in units
35
Where is insulin best absorbed?
in the abdomen
36
S/S of hypoglycemia
- low blood sugar
- neurologic changes
- tachycardia
- weakness
- headache
- nausea
- drowsy
- nervousness
- hunger
- tremors
- malise (sluggish)
- excessive sweating
37
S/S of hyperglycemia
- elevated blood sugar
- fruity breath
- nausea and vomiting
- shortness of breath
- dry mouth
- weakness
- confusion
- abdominal pain
- flushed hot and dry skin
- glucose in urine
38
What causes hypoglycemia?
low blood sugar
39
Ketoacidosis treatment
- insulin given through IV
- replace potassium/electrolytes
- monitor electrolytes and blood glucose
- urine is tested for glucose and ketones
40
What causes fruity breath odor?
ketoacidosis
41
S/S of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
- weakness
- anorexia
- thirst
- vomiting
- BS 300 to 1000
- dehydration=low sodium and low potassium
- kushmahl respirations
- low blood pressure
- restlessness
- rapid weak pulse
- acetone breath
- most prone in Type 1
42
S/S of HHAKS
- hypotension
- mental changes
- extreme thirst
- dehydration
- tachycardia
- fever **
- lethargy
- coma
- hyperkalemia
- skin turgor
- dry mucousa
- low sodium
43
motortheropity
- muscle weakness
- atrophy
- gait can be affected
- skeletal deformities
- feet and ankle problems
- soft tissue infections/ulcers
44
Sensory neuropathy
- paratheasis
- abnormal sensation
- tingling
- prickling
- burning
- needle like sensations
- total feeling can be lost
45
Erectile dysfunction is a sign of what neuropathy?
autonomic neuropathy
46
What kind of shoes should diabetics wear?
- well fitting
| - do not wear rubber,plastic or vinyl that cause the perspire
47
Diabetic sick day
- notify dr when ill
- monitor blood sugar every 2 to 4 hours
- continue to take insulin
- meet carb needs
- eat 6 to 8 times a day
- test urine for ketones if blood sugar is 300 or higher
- rest
48
Biproducts for fat metabolism
ketones
49
Trigger for Type 2
abdominal obesity
50
Renal threshold
- glucose in urine
- glucosuria: higher than 180 mg/dL
- ability to reabsorb glucose and return it to the bloodstream
51
Hyperglycemia
elevated blood glucose level
52
Lipolysis
breakdown of fat
53
Glycosuria
glucose in the urine
54
Ketones
chemical intermediate products in fat metabolism
55
ketonemia
increased ketones in the blood
56
Normal diabetic blood sugar
below 126
57
insulin independence
pts own naturally produced insulin will regulate blood glucose levels
58
lipoatrophy
breakdown of subcutaneous fat at the site of repeated injections
59
lipohypertrophy
buildup of subcutaneous fat at the site of repeated injections
Basic Nursing Skills
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