Diagnostic Studies

Question 1

Urinalysis

Answer 1

• Routine
• Clean Catch
• 24 hr specimen
• Catheter
• Quick strips (To test for individual areas)

Question 2

Specific Gravity

Answer 2

• reflects the kidneys ability to concentrate urine
• Normally 1.010-1.030
• decrease in instances of high fluid intake , diuretics & diabetes insipidus
• increased in states causing dehydration

Question 3

Blood Urea Nitrogen

Answer 3

• Reflects kidneys ability to filter nitrogen waste & urea which are the breakdown of protein
• Patient should be NPO for 8hr prior to test
• Normal value is 10-20mg/dl
• If elevated pt is at risk for diorientation & seizures
• May also be elevated in states of dehydration & excess protein intake .

Question 4

Serum Creatinine

Answer 4

• Reflects blood level of creatinine which is the end product of skeletal muscle contraction
• Normal range 0.6-1.2mg/dl

Question 5

Creatinine Clearance

Answer 5

• 24 hour urine
• Measure glomerular filtration
• The best indicator of kidney function
• Lower levels (kidney is not excreting the waste) indicate renal disease

Question 6

Prostate Specific Antigen ( PSA)

Answer 6

• Normally produce by the prostate
• Elevated is states of prostatic hypertrophic, cancer & prostatitis
• Normal level is less than 4nanograms/ml

Question 7

KUB ( Kidney, Ureters, Bladder radiography)

Answer 7

• Used to evaluate structure of organs

* May diagnosis tumors, cysts, stones & glomerulonephritis

Question 8

Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP)

Answer 8

• Evaluates structure of organs
• Iodine based dye used (evaluate allergies)
• NPO for 8 hours
• Can diagnosis tumors, cysts, stones , hydronephrosis

Question 9

Retrograde Pyelogram

Answer 9

• Cystoscope into bladder
• dye injected
• Visualize bladder, Urethra, & ureters

Question 10

Cystoscopy

Answer 10

• Flexible telescope in the urethra

* Expect urine to be pink tinged following procedure

Question 11

Biopsy of Bladder

Answer 11

• Done in the OR

* Post procedure patient may have dysuria or small amount of blood in urine

Question 12

Renal Angiography

Answer 12

• Evaluates blood supply to kidney

* Femoral artery used to inject dye

Question 13

Renal Angiography

Post Procedure

Answer 13

• Risk for bleeding (hematoma)
• CSM (Distal circulation ) Risk for amputation
• Pressure dressing
• Decreased mobility of extremity

Question 14

CAT Scan / MRI

Answer 14

• Can diagnose many renal disorder
• Ordered to visualize structures of the urinary tract
• CT May be done with or without contrast media
• If contest is used, assess client for allergies to iodine / shellfish

*stage 3 &4 will not need dye

Question 15

Renal Scan

Answer 15

• Provides information regarding function
• Radionuclide injected
• No pregnant personnel should care for client for 24hrs after procedure
• Instruct client to flush toilet immediately after voiding & to wash hands thoroughly to minimize exposure to radioactivity following the procedure

Question 16

Renal Biopsy

Answer 16

• performed at bedside
• Bedrest for 24hrs after procedure
• Must hold still & hold breath during procedure

Question 17

Renal Biopsy

Post Procedure

Answer 17

• Maintain I&O
• Monitor for internal bleeding , radiating pain could indicate this
• ROM exercises, TEDS , Med to prevent DVT
• Flank pain , warm skin , swelling , tenderness

Question 18

Serum Uric Acid levels

Answer 18

• End product of purine metabolism (purine helps to form DNA )
• Foods containing purine include red wine & many meats

Question 19

Bladder Scanner

Answer 19

• Evaluates for Urinary Retention

* Evaluates post voiding residual volume