1
Q
Strain
A
- Muscle Tear
~ 1-3 grades
> Grade 1: some fibers torn
> Grade 2: nearly half torn
> Grade 3: all fibers torn
~ ROM can test for degree and strength
2
Q
Contusion
A
- Bruise
~ 1-3 Grades
> Grade 1: minor rupture of capillaries
> Grade 2: moderate rupture of
capillaries
> Grade 3: major rupture of capillaries
~ ROM can test for degree
~ Stretching can alleviate
3
Q
Sprain
A
- Ligament Tear
~ 1-3 Grades
> Grade 1: small tear
> Grade 2: incomplete tear
> Grade 3: complete tear
~ Ligamentous and Capsular testing
4
Q
Fracture
A
- Deformity on bone
~ Point tenderness
~ Localized swelling
~ Loss of function
~ Many different types
5
Q
Radiography (X-Ray)
A
- Dense structures will appear white, air will be black, and other structures will be gray
- Very good at imaging just bone
- Uses:
~ Fractures, dislocations, or other bone
abnormalities - Pros:
~ Readily available, cheap, good
resolution - Cons:
~ A lot of radiation
~ Not good for soft tissues
6
Q
Computed Tomography (CT or CAT Scan)
A
- Thin fan shaped x-ray that produces cross sectional views of tissues
- Pros:
~ Excellent resolution of bone and soft
tissue - Cons:
~ Cost
~ Radiation
7
Q
Myelography
A
- X-ray for the nervous system!
- Dye injected into epidural space of lumbar
- Pros:
~ Images nerve roots, intervertebral
discs, and spinal cord - Cons:
~ Headache
~ Dizziness
~ Seizures
~ Nausea/Vomiting
8
Q
Fluoroscopy
A
- X-ray video, not a snap shot like a traditional x-ray
- Radiographic imaging of fluorescent screen
- Pros:
~ Convenient
~ Portable
~ Requires minimal training
~ Allows for body parts to move during
imaging - Cons:
~ Higher radiation than regular X-ray
~ Poor soft tissue imaging
9
Q
Diagnostic Ultrasound
A
- High frequency sound waves that bounce off of structures and return to the device
- The depth and shape of structures are determined by amount of time the sound wave takes to return
- Images soft tissue
- Pros:
~ No radiation
~ Can take moving images
~ Can be localized - Cons:
~ Limited resolution and depth
~ Small viewing field
~ Lack of bone imaging
~ Good skills are required for good
images
10
Q
Bone Scan
A
- Radioactive compound is injected or ingested and collects where there’s high activity in bone
- Body is then scanned with a radioactive device: Gamma Camera
- Pros:
~ Good at imaging stress fractures, bone
infection, and tumors
~ Minimal risk - Cons:
~ Doesn’t identify type of abnormality in
bone
11
Q
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
A
- Magnetic field that causes the body’s hydrogen atoms to align
- Once removed, atoms return to normal and vibrate
- Detects this energy and converts it to images
- Pros:
~ Good resolution of all tissues from
many different angles and depths
~ No adverse affects - Cons
~ Cost
~ No metal on or in patient
12
Q
Arthrography
A
- Air, contrast material containing iodine is injected into a joint space
- Images taken include X-ray, CT Scan, and MRI
- Pros:
~ Good visualization of soft tissue
structures in and around joint
13
Q
Electroencephalography (EEG)
A
- Records electrical activity in the brain and detects changes or abnormalities
14
Q
Electromyography (EMG)
A
- Records electrical activity in muscle during contraction and nerve conduction for abnormalities
15
Q
Nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV)
A
- Records the speed it takes for a muscle to contract after peripheral nerve stimulation to detect abnormalities
16
Q
Blood Culture
A
- Test used to identify bacteria, fungus, or virus in blood stream
~ Feces
~ Salvia
~ Urine
~ Blood
~ Wounds
Lower Extremity Evaluation Lecture
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Decks in class (8)
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