Diagnostics

Question 1

What would happen to resistance to flow if vessel diameter is decreased half its original value?

Answer 1

Resistance will increase 16-fold.

Question 2

Closure of the semilunar valves happen in what phase of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 2

Isovolumetric relaxation

• Isovolumetric contraction: Closure AV valves
• Rapid ventricular ejection: opening SL valves
• Rapid ventricular filling: opening AV valves

Question 3

Closure of the atriventricular valves happen in what phase of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 3

Isovolumetric contraction

• Isovolumetric relaxation: Closure SL valves
• Rapid ventricular ejection: opening SL valves
• Rapid ventricular filling: opening AV valves

Question 4

In hypotensive patients with intact baroreceptor reflex, the following events takes place, except:

a. Firing rate of Hering nerve will decrease
b. Sympathetic activation predominate
c. HR will increase
d. SVR will increase
e. NOTA

Answer 4

e. NOTA
* Hering nerve is part of CN IX, so it is basically a parasympathetic nerve. In hypotension, sympathetic nerve should predominate, firing rate should decrease.

Question 5

A patient has CO of 3.2L/min, with an EF of 55% and a HR of 100bpm. What is the EDV?

a. 52.80 mL
b. 58.18 mL
c. 60.08 mL
d. 72.80 mL
e. 88.34 mL

Answer 5

EDV= 58.18 mL

EF= 0.55 or SV/EDV
SV= 0.55 x EDV

CO= SV x HR
3.2= (0.55 x EDV) x 100
EDV= (3.2/0.55) x 1000
EDV= 58.18 mL

Question 6

Respiratory control center responsible for the basic rhythm of respiration.

Answer 6

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

• VRG: located in medulla; for active respiration
• DRG: located in medulla; for basic rhythm, inspiration
• Apneustic center: located in lower pons; prolong respiration, decreases RR
• Pneumotaxic center: located in upper pons; shortens inspiration, increases RR

Question 7

Substance leads to vasodilation of renal vessels, except:

a. prostaglandins
b. angiotensin II
c. low dose dopamine
d. prostacyclin
e. bradykinin

Answer 7

b. Angiotensin II

* causes vasoconstriction of renal vessels

Question 8

The following conditions decrease distal tubular K+ secretion, except:

a. low K+ diet
b. Spirinolactone
c. acidosis
d. hypoaldosteronism
e. Loop diuretics

Answer 8

e. Loop diuretics
* it increase urine flow rate, therefore, maintains the luminal concentration of K+ in the distal tubule. This results in concentration gradient that favors increase tubular secretion of K+ that leads to hypokalemia.

Question 9

ACe inhibitors and ARB can decrease GFR by what mechanism?

Answer 9

Decrease in glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressue.

• efferent arteriole constriction

Question 10

p50 of Hemoglobin is?

Answer 10

25 mmHg

Question 11

Cholecystokinin leads to a decrease in?

Answer 11

gastric emptying

*thus increase in gastric emptying time–longer time for the food to stay in the stomach

Question 12

A patient who has pituitary tumor compressing on optic chiasma would produce what visual field defect?

Answer 12

Bitemporal hemianopsia

• Optic nerve: unilateral blindness
• Optic tract, Geniculocalcarine tract: Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia
• Meyer’s loop: contralateral Superior homonymous quadrantinopsia
• Parietal lobe: Inferior left homonymous quadrantinopsia

Question 13

A patient who has a lesion in Meyer’s loop of the temporal lobe on the right side will produce what visual field defect?

Answer 13

Meyer’s loop: Left Superior homonymous quadrantinopsia

• Optic nerve: unilateral blindness
• Optic tract, Geniculocalcarine tract: Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia
• Meyer’s loop: contralateral Superior homonymous quadrantinopsia
• Parietal lobe: Inferior left homonymous quadrantinopsia
• Optic chiasm: Bitemporal hemianopsia