BIOL 342 > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

(34 cards)

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1
Q

What is the biggest immune system?

A

The Gut. You are what you eat, needs probiotics and prebiotics

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2
Q

What factors can influence composition and function of human gut microbiota

A
  • Birth mode
  • Breast feeding
  • Geography
  • Diet
  • Exercise
  • Disease
  • Ageing
  • Drugs
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3
Q

Anabolism v.s. Catabolism

A

Anabolism = Building = using amino acids to build proteins

Catabolism = breaking down = proteins to amino acids.
Essential nutrients = cant make these, must get food.

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4
Q

Salivary Glands

A

3 pairs = exocrine

Carbohydrate digestion starts in mouth due to amylase

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5
Q

Parotid Salivary Glands

A

Produce serous secretion - Enzyme salivary amylase = breaks down starches into glucose, maltose

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6
Q

Sublingual Salivary Glands

A

Produce mucous secretion - acts as a buffer and lubricant

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7
Q

Submandibular Salivary Glands

A

Secrete buffers, glycoproteins (mucins) and salicary amalyse

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8
Q

Do alligators chew food?

A

NO!

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9
Q

Functions of the stomach

A

Store Foods

  • Release gastric acids = HCl = strong acid; kills
    bacteria, breaks down proteins & activates
    pepsinogen
  • Releases pepsinogen = inactive -> pepsin is active
  • Mucous is released = 2 types
  • Release intrinsic factor = important for vitamin B12
    absorption which is needed for RBC production
  • Release gastrin = a hormone that stimulates gastric
    activity
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10
Q

What are the Types of Mucous?

A
  1. Protects stomach
  2. Keeps digesting food slimy
  • Someone w/ gastric reflux can damage esophagus bc. no protection in esophagus
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11
Q

What are parietal, chief, and g-cells

A

Parietal: releases HCl & Intrinsic factor
Chief Cells: Pepsinogen
G-Cells: Gastrin = hormones

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12
Q

What does HCl do?

A
  1. Kills microorganisms
  2. Denatures proteins and inactivates enxymes in food
  3. Helps break down plant cell walls and connective tissue in meat
  4. Activates pepsin = digests proteins

Active process = Use ATP

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13
Q

Explain the process of HCl secretion from parietal cells

A
  • CO2 + H2O -> H+ + HCO3- in presence of carbonic anhydrase
  • H+ is actively pumped out via H+/K+ ATP-ase K+ will leak out
  • HCO3- is exchanged for Cl- = antiporter
  • CL- moves out through cell via channel = facilitated diffusion
  • Alkaline tide = increases in HCO3- after feeding = metabolic alkalosis
    Metabolic Alkalosis = fixed by hypoventilation

pH is very acidic = 1-2

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14
Q

How is acid and enzyme production by gastric mucosa regulated?

A
  1. Controlled by the CNS
  2. Regulated by short reflexes of ENS = Enteric Nervous System = brain of the gut
  3. Regulated by hormones of digestive tract
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15
Q

What are the 3 phases of gastric activity

A
  1. Cephalic phase
  2. Gastric phase
  3. Intestinal phase
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16
Q

What role does the small intestine do?

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A

Roles in digestion and absorption of nutrients

17
Q

What is the Duodenum?

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A
  • the segment of small intestine closest to stomach
  • “mixing bowl” that receives chymes from stomach and digestive secretions from pancreas and liver
  • modify it HCl & use HCo3 to neutralize acid

Function:
- Receives chyme from stomach
- Neutralize acids before they can damage
absorptive surfaces of the small intestine. Lost of
bicarbonate to neutralize H+ from HCl and lots
enzymes

HCO3- + H+ -> CO2 +H2O

18
Q

What are the components of the Small Intestine?

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A

The Jejunum and The Ileum

19
Q

What is the Jejunum?

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A
  • Middle segment of small intestine
    • Is the location of most
      a. Chemical digestion = lots of enzymes =
      lipases (Fats) ; amylases (carbs); proteases
      (proteins)
      b. Nutrient absorption
20
Q

What is the Ileum?

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A
  • Final segment of small intestine
    - End at the ileocecal valve, a sphincter that
    controls flow of material from the ileum in to the
    large intestine.
21
Q

What does Absorption Cells do?

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A
  • Absorb nutrients
  • Have microvilli
22
Q

What does Goblet Cells do?

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A
  • Release mucous into Small Intestine
23
Q

What does Enteroendocrine cells do?

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A
  • Secretes lots of hormones
24
Q

What does Paneth Cells do?

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A
  • Release antimicrobial agents into Small Intestine such as lysosomes.
  • Capable of phagocytosis
25
What affects the lining of the Small intestine?
- Parvo affects the small intestine by destroying the microvilli
26
What is Pancreatic Juice? What does it do?
- Contains a variety of enzymes = Pancreatic amylase, proteolytic enzymes (trypsin, secreted as trypsinogen), chymotrypsin (chymotrypsinogen, Pancreatic lipase - Is alkaline: high concentration of bicharbonate ions. Neutralizes gastric acid - Regulated by hormones: secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK)
27
How is Pancreatic Juices secreted?
1. Entrance of Chyme into duodenum 2. Secretion of Bicarbonate: depends on secretin secreted by duodenum 3. Secretion of digestive enzymes: depends of CCK secreted by duodenum
28
What composes the Liver
Hepatic Blood Supply - 1/3 of blood supply = arterial blood from hepatic artery proper - 2/3 venous blood from hepatic portal vein, originating from esophagus, stomach, small intestine and most of the large intestine = nutrient rich
29
What are the Metabolic Activities of the Liver
- Carbohydrate metabolism: stabilizes blood glucose = store glycogen - Lipid metabolism: regulates circulating lvls of triglycerides, fatty acids, and cholesterol = lipoproteins = high density and low density - Amino Acid metabolism: removes excess amino acids = use these in gluconeogenesis - Waste product removal: ammonia to urea, Ammonia is lipid soluble = cna get into cells by diffusion. Urea is part of protein catabolism - Vitamin storage: Fat soluble vitamins and vitamin B12 - Mineral storage: converts iron to ferritin from RBC recycling - Drug inactivation: removes and breaks down drugs - Milk thistle help with liver health.
30
What are the Hematological functions
- Phagocytosis and antigen presentation: kupffer cells engulf old and damaged RBCs = protect liver - Synthesis of plasma proteins: albumins, transport proteins, clotting proteins; albumin = helps to maintain colloid osmotic pressure - Removal of circulating hormones: absorption and recycling of EPI, NE, Insulin thyroid hormones and steroid hormones. - Removal of antibodies: absorbs and breaks down antibodies - Removal or storage of toxins: lipid soluble toxins are absorbed and stored
31
What are the functions of Bile?
- Dietary lipids are not water soluble: lipid droplets - Mechanical processing in stomach creates large drops containing lipids - Pancreatic lipase is not lipid soluble - Interacts only at surface of lipids droplet = emulsification Bile salts break down droplets apart = emulsification - Increases surface area exposed to enzymatic attack - Creates tiny emulsion droplets coated with bile salts.
32
What is the function of Gallbladder?
- Stores bile. Liver makes Bile - Releases bile into duodenum, but only under stimulation of Cholecystokinin (CKK) - No CCK = Hepatopancreatic sphincter remains closed = bile enters cystic duct and is stored gallbladder.
33
What are the functions of the Large Intestine?
1. Churning driving contents of colon into rectum 2. Bacteria in Large Intestine convert proteins to amino acids, break down amino acids and product vitamin B and vitamin K 3. Absorption of some H2O, Ions, and Vitamins 4. Formation of feces 5. Defecation (emptying rectum)
34
What are the absorption in the large intestine
- Vitamins = organic molecules - Important as cofactors or coenzymes in metabolism - Normal bacteria in colon make three vitamins that supplement diet 1. Vitamin K (fat soluble): required nu liver for synthesizing clotting factors 2. Biotin (water soluble): important in glucose metabolism 3. B5 (water soluble): required in manufacture of steroid hormones
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