Science > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

Nucleic acids

A

found in nucleus as part of DNA and RNA, involved in protein synthesis

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2
Q

Organic compounds are composed of _________ which are __________ bonded to other monomers to form __________`

A

monomers, covalently, polymers

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3
Q

Forms of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

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4
Q

What is a saccharide?

A

A sugar

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5
Q

Monosaccharides

A
  • 1 unit
  • Glucose
  • Fructose
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6
Q

Disaccharides

A
  • 2 units
  • Sucrose
  • Lactose
  • Maltose
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7
Q

Polysaccharides

A
  • many units
  • Starches
  • Cellulose
  • Glycogen
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8
Q

Know the structure of mono/di/poly saccharides

A

look at notes

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9
Q

Lipids

A

triaclyglycerides or triglycerides

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10
Q

What are the purposes of lipids?

A
  • energy storage
  • structural component in membranes (bilipid layer)
  • acts as a cushion for organs and insulator against cold
  • carries fat soluble vitamins
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11
Q

Examples of lipids

A

fats, oils, waxes

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12
Q

Know the structure of lipids

A

look at notes :)

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13
Q

Phospholipid

A

cell membrane component

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14
Q

Cholesterol

A
  • found in cell membrane
  • used to make hormones (sex hormones)
  • body obtains need cholestoral from fat consumed
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15
Q

Steroids (anabolic steroids)

A

chemicals produced by the body which act as chemical messenger, regulating cell functions

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16
Q

What is the purpose of proteins?

A
  • structural (cell membrane)
  • hormones and enzymes
  • movement (muscle proteins)
  • antibodies and pplasma proteins
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17
Q

Amino acids are joined in _________ bonds

A

peptide

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18
Q

True or false: Amino acids form in specific sequences that determine the shape and function of the protein within the cell, if it is misplaced, it can be detrimental.

A

True

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19
Q

Metabolism

A

all chemical reactions that occur within the body

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20
Q

Condensation/dehydration synthesis

A

chemical reactions that are anabolic and bond monomers to make polymers

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21
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

chemical reactions that are catabolic and break polymers into simpler units

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22
Q

Enzymes

A

protein catalysts that speed up the rate of reactions at low temperatures, reduces amount of energy to run reaction

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23
Q

Thermal energy _________ the rate of reaction

A

increases

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24
Q

Exergonic reactions

A
  • releases energy
  • products have less energy than reactants
  • exothermic = heat loss
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25
Enxymes ________ the activation energy
decrease
26
Nucleases break down
nucleic acid
27
Sucrase hydrolysis breaks down
sucrase
28
Proteases break down
proteins
29
Lipases break down
lipids
30
Lock and Key model
look at notes
31
Induced fit model
look at notes
32
Cofactors
inorganic molecule assist enzymese in binding to the substrate
33
Coenzymes
organic molecules, vitamins that aid in binding the enzyme to the substrate
34
True or false: Enzymes do not actually react, they just facilitate reactions
true
35
Does pH effect reaction rate of different enzymes at different pH's?
Yes. Enzyme pepsin works best in acidic pH (stomach acid) and enzymes trypsin works best in basic environment (intestine)
36
Does a greater substrate concentration have a greater or lesser reaction rate?
greater
37
Denature
temporary change in enzyme stucture/shape when bonds are disrupted due to factors such as pH/heat
38
Coagulate
permanent destruction of enzyme
39
Feedback inhibtion
spows down or stops a reaction
40
Precursor activity
the activation of the last enzyme in a metabloic pathway by the initial substrate
41
Competitive inhibition
A molecule with a shape complementry to the specific enzyme competed with the substrate for access to the active site on the enzyme and blocks chemical reaction
42
Homeostasis
steady state, metabolic activities of an organism directed toward maintaining steady conditions
43
Feedback systems
self-regulating systems using hormones or the nervous system to transmit messages
44
Receptors
detect changes in internal and external environment
45
Positive feedback
homeostatic processes that causes movement away from the normal state
46
Negative feedback
hoeostatic processes that cause movement back to normal
47
Ingestion
taking in nutrients
48
Digestion
breakup of complex molecules into smaller units
49
Absorption
monomers of chemical enter blood stream of body cells
50
Egestion
removal of food waste
51
Physical digestions
mechanical breakdown of large paarticles into smaller peices
52
Chemical digestion
activity of enzymes chemically alters the food
53
Salivary glands
secretes saliva which ocntains water and salivary amylase
54
Esophagus
moves food to stomach through peristalsis
55
Peristalsis
involuntary rythmic movement of smoothe muscles that line digestive tract
56
Rugae
folds of the inner layer of the stomach that allow for expansion
57
Gastrin
hormone produced to release gastric juices
58
HCL (aq)
kills pathogens, activates pepsinogen
59
Pepsinogen
activated to pepsin in the presence of HCL, breaks down protein polymers into smaller chains
60
Mucin
thick mucuos that protects stomach lining from HCL
61
Rennin (chymosin)
milk clotting, keeps milok protein, in stomach lining so enzymes can act on it
62
What are the two main functionds of the small intestine?
1. Final digestion of chemicals 2. Primary site of absorption
63
Villi
fingerlike projections inside small instestion
64
Microvilli
fingerlike projections on the other edge of small intestine tissues
65
Lacteals
lymph vessels inside of villi, absorb glycerol and fatty acids of fat digestion
66
Capillary network
monosaccharides and amino acids are absorbed directly into bloodstream
67
Review different enzymes that act in small intestine
in notes :)
68
Function of the large instestine
1. absorption of water from materials passing through the intestine into the bloodstream 2. Undigested material is pooped out
69
Pancreas
funtions as an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland
70
Exocrine
enzymes that travel via duct to site of activity
71
Endocrine
hormones that travel via blood to site of activity
72
Secretin
travels through blood and targets pancreas to produce HCO 3 which enters small intestine and neutralizes the chyme to protect the lining
73
Insulin
converts glucose to gloycogen for storage
74
Glucagon
converts glycogen to glucose
75
How many functions does the liver have?
Over 500
76
The liver produces ______ which is stored in the gallbladder
Emu lsification = breakdown large fat globules to increase surfaced area for enzyme activity
77
Crohn's disease
- inflammtion of the digestive tract - autoimmune disorder - intestinal wall thickens
78
Cirrhosis
- scarring of liver which results in poor liver funtions - caused by hepititas and alcohol - irreversivle - may need liver transplant
79
Jaundice
- yellowish pigmentations of skin and eye from increased bilirubin in blood
80
Diabetes mellitus
- pancreas does not produce enough insulin to coonvert glucose to glycogen, blood glucose levels stay elevated
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