The doctrine of direct effect was established in…
Van Gend en Loos
Can Treaty articles have horizontal direct effect?
Yes
When can directives have vertical direct effect?
Only after the implementation deadline has expired
In Foster v British Gas, an emanation of the state was defined as an entity:
Providing a public service under state control with special powers
Which case confirmed that directives can only have vertical, not horizontal, direct effect?
Marshall v Southampton AHA
Can Treaty articles have horizontal direct effect?
Yes
What is Direct effect?
established by the European Court of Justice that enables individuals to rely on certain provisions of EU law directly in their national courts, even if those provisions have not been implemented into national law by the member state
