Opportunistic infections common in AIDS patients:
- Bacterial?
- Fungal?
- Protozoal?
- Viral?
- Bacterial: Mycobacterium avium-intacellulare
- Fungal: Pneumocytis carinii
- Protozoal: Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum
- Viral: CMV and Kaposi sarcoma virus
Major sexually transmitted diseases in the US:
- Bacterial?
- Protozoal?
- Viral?
- Bacterial: Chlamydia trachomatis & Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Protozoal: Trichomonas vaginalis
- Viral: HSV-2, HIV, and HPV
Major causes of meningitis:
- Newborns?
- Children?
- Young adults?
- Elderly (>60 years)?
- AIDS patients?
- Newborns: Streptococcus agalactiae & E coli
- Children: Hemophilus influenzae
- Young adults: Neisseria meningitidis
- Elderly: Streptococcus pneumoniae
- AIDS patients: Cryptococcus neofromans
Major causes of pneumonia:
- Neonates?
- Children (6 weeks-18 years)?
- Adults?
- Elderly (>60 years)?
- Alcoholics?
- Postviral?
- Cystic fibrosis patients?
- Neonates: Streptococcus agalactiae & E coli
- Children: RSV
- Adults: Mycobacterium pneumonia
- Alcoholics: Klebsiella pneumonia
- Post-viral: Haemophilus influenzae
- CF patient: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Common nosocomial infections associated with:
- Newborns?
- Urinary catheterization?
- Renal dialysis unit?
- Respiratory therapy equipment?
- Water aerosols?
- Newborns: RSV & CMV
- Urinary catheterization: E coli & Proteus spp.
- Renal dialysis units: HBV
- Respiratory therapy equipment: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Water aerosols: Legionella pneumophila
Major causes of endocarditis:
- Subacute endocarditis?
- Acute endocarditis
- IV drug users?
- Patients with prosthetic heart valves?
- subacute endocarditis: Streptococcus viridans
- acute endocarditis: Staphylococcus aureus
- IV drug users: Staphylococcus aureus
- Pts with prosthetic valves: Staphylococcus epidermidis
Major causes of osteomyelitis:
- General population?
- Sexually active?
- Drug users?
- Sickle cell anemia patients?
- general population: Staphylococcus aureus
- sexually active: Neisseria meningitidis
- Drug users: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Sickle cell anemia patients: Salmonella spp.
Major causes of UTIs?
Escherichia coli (MOST COMMON) Enterococcus faecalis Klebsiella pneumonia Proteus mirabilis Proteus vulgaris Pseudomonas aeruginosa Serratia marcescens Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Organisms causing a watery diarrhea
Cryptosporidium parvum Echerichia coli Vibrio cholerae Giardia lamblia Norwalk agent Rotavirus
Organisms causing a bloody diarrhea (dysentery)
Campylobacter jejuni Escherichia coli (enteroinvasive and enterohemorrhagic) Salmonella spp. Shigella dysenteriae Entamoeba histolytica
Major causes of food poisoning
Bacillus cereus
Clostridium perfringens
Staphylococcus aureus
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Major causes of transplacental neonatal infections
Toxoplasma gondi Treponemia pallidu Rubella virus CMV HSV HIV
-collectively known as the TORCH GROUP, many of these infections can lead to CONGENITAL DEFECTS, if acquired in utero
Major causes of transcervical infections (acquired by vaginal delivery)
Candida albicans
Escherichia coli
Listeria monocytogenes
Streptococcus agalactiae
A unique and recently discovered class of infectious agents that can result in Spongiform encephalitis
Prions
-composed only of PROTEINACEOUS MATERIAL, it is highly resistant to most forms of sterilization and can be transmitted IATROGENICALLY [e.g., surgical instruments, cadaveric material], or from consuming contaminated meats
