What is hypoxia?
Lack of oxygen, often caused by ischemia, shock, or respiratory failure
Hypoxia causes cellular injury by leading to ATP depletion, impairing essential cellular functions.
List the mechanisms of injury.
- ATP Depletion
- Oxidative Stress
- Calcium Dysregulation
- Membrane Damage
- DNA Damage
These mechanisms contribute to cellular injury and death.
What is necrosis?
Uncontrolled, messy cell death from severe injury, where the cell membrane ruptures and releases its contents
Morphology includes coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, etc.
Define apoptosis.
Programmed cell death, a controlled process for development, tissue remodeling, or removing damaged cells
The cell shrinks, the membrane remains intact, and it fragments into apoptotic bodies.
What are the types of cell deaths?
- Necrosis
- Apoptosis
- Autophagy
- Pyroptosis/Necroptosis
Each type has distinct mechanisms and implications for tissue health.
What are physical agents that can cause injury?
- Trauma
- Extreme temperatures
- Radiation
- Electric shock
- Noise
These agents can lead to various forms of cellular damage.
What is ischemia?
A condition where there is insufficient blood flow to tissues, leading to oxygen deprivation
It can result in significant cellular injury and death.
What occurs during the inflammatory response?
- Injury & Cell Death
- Chemical Release
- Vasodilation
- Increased Permeability
- Phagocytosis
- Coagulation
- Tissue Regeneration
These steps are crucial for healing and restoring tissue integrity.
What is the role of stress hormones during injury?
Cortisol is released, influencing glucose metabolism and modulating the immune response
This metabolic response helps provide energy for healing cells.
What are functional changes in response to injury?
- Altered Organ Function
- Systemic Responses
- Tissue Changes
These changes often lead to observable clinical signs and symptoms.
What is chronic inflammation?
A persistent state of inflammation that can lead to ongoing tissue damage and contribute to chronic diseases
Examples include autoimmune conditions, diabetes, and heart disease.
What is the pathogenesis of a disease?
The sequence of events from the initial cause (ethiology) to the disease’s full manifestation
It includes both infectious and non-infectious diseases.
What are the key stages in the progression of inflammation?
- Acute Phase
- Repair/Regeneration
- Remodeling/Maturation
These stages reflect the dynamic process of healing and tissue adaptation.
What is autoimmunity?
The immune system fails to differentiate between self-cells and foreign antigens, leading to the destruction of healthy tissue
This can involve T-cell activation against self-antigens or autoantibody production.
What are chemical agents that can cause cellular injury?
- Electrolyte derangements
- Poisons (e.g., cyanide, arsenic)
- Environmental pollutants
- Industrial hazards (e.g., asbestos)
- Medications (toxic effects)
These agents can disrupt cellular function and lead to injury.
What is metabolic acidosis?
A condition where the body produces excess acid or the kidneys are not removing enough acid from the body
It can lead to respiratory compensation via hyperventilation.
What is cellular adaptation?
The process by which cells adjust to stress or injurious stimuli, potentially leading to hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, or metaplasia
If the stimulus exceeds capacity, it can result in reversible or irreversible injury.
What is edema?
Increased tissue water content due to altered membrane permeability or cell lysis
It is often a result of inflammation.
What is pyroptosis?
An inflammatory form of programmed necrosis
It is characterized by cell swelling and lysis, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
What is neurohormonal activation?
The response of the sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) to maintain blood pressure
It increases heart rate and fluid retention.
What is prolonged inflammation and its consequences?
Ongoing tissue damage and contributing to chronic diseases (e.g., autoimmune conditions, diabetes, heart disease)
Occurs when acute triggers aren’t removed.
Define autoimmunity.
Loss of self-tolerance; immune system fails to differentiate between self-cells and foreign antigens
Leads to destruction of healthy tissue, involving T-cell activation against self-antigens or autoantibody production.
What is hypersensitivity?
Exaggerated immune response damaging host tissues instead of defending them, often triggered by allergens
Can lead to inappropriate immune reactions.
Define immunodeficiency.
Reduced immune response causing high vulnerability to infections
Can be primary (genetic/congenital) or secondary (acquired, e.g., HIV, chemotherapy).
