Diseases

Question 1

Cerebral Palsy (CP)

Answer 1

Difficulty maintaining normal muscle postures because of a lack of muscle coactivation and the development of abnormal compensatory movement patterns.

OT Interventions

• Using AE
• Maintain AROM/PROM
• Instruct on seating/positioning
• Constraint-induced movement therapy

Question 2

Hemiplegia

Answer 2

Affects the upper and lower extremities on one side of the body

Question 3

Quadraplegia

Answer 3

Affects the upper/lower extremities (all 4 limbs) on both sides of the body

Question 4

Diplegia

Answer 4

Mild in both arms are affected while both legs affected more (top half vs. bottom half of body)

Question 5

Athetosis

Answer 5

fluctuation of tone from low to normal w/little spasticity

Question 6

Nystagmus

Answer 6

reflexive back-and-fourth movement of the eyes when the head moves

Question 7

Muscular Dystrophies

Answer 7

Progressive degeneration and weakness of muscle groups.

Question 8

Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)

Answer 8

• only boys get this!
• difficulty going up/down stairs and getting up from lying down

OT Intervention

• ADLs
• Prevent deformity
• Work on strength & ROM
• AE

Question 9

Congential Muscular Dystrophy (CMD)

Answer 9

generalized muscle weakness and contractures (floppy)

OT Interventions

• Increase mobility and prevent contractures
• Use AE and orthotics

Question 10

Spina Bifida

Answer 10

Congential defect of the vertebral arches and spinal column.

OT Interventions

• Bowel/bladder programs
• Cognitive learning issues
• Educate on skin care, urology and diet
• AE for mobility

Question 11

Peripheral Nerve Injury

Answer 11

Caused during birth as a result of the infant’s shoulders becoming impacted and stretching/tearing in the birth canal.

-weakness of the small muscles of the hands and sensory discrimination in the hand/arm

OT Intervention

• Fabricating a sling around the humerus to prevent subluxation
• PROM/AROM
• WB if strength improves
• Tactile stimulation
• Bilateral activities
• Massage for edema

Question 12

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Answer 12

Injury to the head

OT Intervention (Acute)

• Sensory stimulation
• ROM to maintain joint mobility
• Positioning can prevent skin breakdown
• Splinting for hand function

Question 13

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Answer 13

• Impairment in social interaction, sensory/perceptual processing and communication skills.
• Communication may range from being nonverbal and reliant on picture exchange systems or not picking up on others’ nonverbal cues.

OT Intervention

• Sensory integrative therapy
• Structured & specialized education programs
• Visual support (picture checklists, communication boards)

Question 14

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) - Issues w/sensory, cognition, motor and communication

Answer 14

Sensory
-Over/under responsive to stimuli

Cognition

• Difficulty w/empathy
• Acute sense for detail (missing the bigger picture)
• Upset by changes

Motor Skills
-Poor motor planning

Communication

• Difficulty using variation in their pitch, emphasis or rhythm of speech
• Difficulty using speech in social situations

Question 15

ADHD

Answer 15

A behavioral disorder w/unknown causes

-Difficulty with: paying attention to details, keeping attention, listening to instructions, organization, tasks w/sustained attention, fidgeting or excessive talking.

OT Intervention

• Cognitive behavioral therapy
• Behavior modification
• Social skills training
• Modifying environment
• Enhance sensory modulation

Question 16

Tourette’s Syndrome

Answer 16

Involuntary purposeless movements, tics and incoherent grunts

Question 17

Down Syndrome

Answer 17

Intellectual disabilities

OT Intervention

• Feeding
• Environmental/task modification
• Family coaching/training

Question 18

Cri du chat Syndrome

Answer 18

Weak and catlike cry in infancy

-hypotonia, feeding and respiratory problems

Question 19

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

Answer 19

Boys have an extra X chromosome

-learning disabilities, emotional/behavioral disabilities

Question 20

Prader-Willi Syndrome

Answer 20

Moderate intellectual disabilities, food-seeking behaviors, hypotonia

Question 21

Williams Syndrome

Answer 21

Cerebral and cardiovascular abnormalities, intellectual disabilities