Disorders Flashcards

Question

Features of how PTSD presents

Answer 1

The symptoms vary between patients based on their individual experiences and responses. The **history will contain exposure to one or repeated traumatic events.** Key symptoms include: * **Intrusive thoughts** relating to the event * **Re-experiencing** (experiencing flashbacks, images, sensations and nightmares of the event) * **Hyperarousal** (feeling on edge, irritable and easily startled) * **Avoidance of triggers** that remind them of the event (e.g., people, places or talking about the event) * **Negative emotions** (e.g., fear, anger, guilt or worthlessness) * **Negative beliefs** (e.g., the world is dangerous) * **Difficulty with sleep** * **Depersonalisation** (feeling separated or detached) * **Derealisation** (feeling the world around them is not real) * **Emotional numbing** (unable to experience feelings)

Answer 2

Diagnosis: * **Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)** * International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) Screening tool: * **Trauma screening Questionnaire (TSQ)**

Answer 3

* **Psychological therapy** (e.g. trauma-focused CBT) * **Medication** (e.g. SSRIs, venlafaxine, antipsychotics) * **Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EDMR)** **Eye movement densenitisation and reprocesses (EDMR)** = involves processing traumatic memories while performing specific eye movements. The theory is that the improperly stored traumatic memories are reprocessed and stored again in a more normal way so that they no longer cause as much negative emotion and distress.

Answer 4

Dissociative symptoms = involve a sense of disruption to how these things fit together. * They often occur in response to stress or a traumatic event and can last anywhere from a few minutes to many years

Answer 5

* Borderline personality disorder * Post-traumatic stress disorder

Answer 6

* Depersionalisation-derealisation disorder * Dissociative amnesia * Dissociative identity disorder

Answer 7

* **Depersonalisation** = feeling of being **separated** or **outside** of their body * **Derealisation** = feeling that the world is **not real**

Answer 8

**Dissociative amnesia** = involves **forgetting autobiographical information** (details about themselves and events that have happened to them) - typically **following a traumatic experience** → leading to **gaps in their memory**.

Answer 9

**Lack of a clear individual identity** + **multiple separate identities** with unique names, personalities and memories. Often associatied with **severe stress + trauma in childhood**

Answer 10

Catatonia = involves abnormal movement + communication + behaviour Presents: * Hold unsusal postures * Perform odd actions * Repeat sounds or words * Remain blank + unresponsive

Answer 11

* Severe depression * Bipolar disorder * Psychosis e.g. schizophrenia * Rarely - Health conditions e.g. strokes or brain tumours

Answer 12

**Reactive attachment disorder** Causes: * Severe neglect + trauma in **early childhood** Results in: * **Emotional withdrawal + inhibition** * **Sadness ** * **Fearfulness** * **Irritability ** * **Impaired cognition** **Struggle to form close relationships or attachments** - **do not respond well to affection or discipline**

Answer 13

Attachment theory describes the importance of creating healthy, consistent and secure attachments to at least one nurturing individual during early childhood, particularly for the **first two years of life**. This creates a stable and secure base for the child to grow and develop. Reactive attachment disorder is a consequence of a severe absence of healthy attachments.

Answer 14

A **conscious effort** to **fake** illness + **seek medical attention** for **personal gain** * **Symptoms = invented, exaggerated or induced (through self-injury)** * Faking symptoms = provides attention, affection, relationships and care from others → The sick role offers a sense of identity. * They may get satisfaction from puzzling medical professionals. It can lead to significant and unnecessary investigations and interventions. Patients with factitious disorder = may have **repeated presentations with inconsistent** and **dramatic symptoms** that **do not fit with examination + investigation findings.**

Answer 15

Hoarding disorder = excessive accumulation of possessions + emotional difficulty getting rid of items * The volume of clutter in the home increases the risk of food contamination, falls, fires, and infestations. Those with hoarding disorder may not see the behaviour as a problem or appreciate its impact on themselves and others. They may have insight and experience feelings of guilt or embarrassment. It may be associated with self-neglect, depression and anxiety.

Answer 16

**Alien hand syndrome** = involves the **patient losing control of one of their hands** * The **hand acts = independently**, with a **mind of its own** → it may perform **spontaneous actions**, such as touching body parts or grabbing objects. Cause: * **Underlying brain injury** e.g. brain tumours, injuries, aneurysms, following brain surgery

Answer 17

Cotard delusion = **delusion** that they are **dead** or **actively dying** Cause: * **Psychiatric conditions** (depression + schizophrenia) * **Neurological conditions** (brain tumours + migraines)

Answer 18

**Capgras syndrome = delusion** that an **identical duplicate has replaced someone close to them** (spouse, family member, close friend) * The person may be **suspicious + aggressive towards the imposter** **Capgras syndrome** = a **delusional misidentification syndrome** Seen with: * Psychotic conditions (schizophrenia) * Dementia * Other neurological conditions

Answer 19

De Clerambault's syndrome = delusion that a famus or high-social-status individual is in love with the patient * Can lead to **inappropriate harassment of the individual** by the patient. * The patient is most often a **young, single woman** * The patient usually has little or no contact with the individual and no objective evidence to support their belief. * Frequently, it occurs without other psychiatric or neurological disease.

Answer 20

**Alice in Wonderland syndrome** = **incorrectly perceiving the sizes of body parts or objects** (e.g: the person may perceive their hands as being excessively large or small) Also associated with: * **Changes to the perception of time** (e.g. time passing fast or slow) * Symptoms of **migraines** (e.g. aura + headache (Symptoms = intermittent) Causes: * Migraine * Epilepsy * Brain tumours

Answer 21

**Body integrity dysphoria = strong feeling that part of the body does not belong to them** e.g. one or both of the legs * The healthy body part = causes them distress, and they typically want to remove that part of their body. * They may have a desire to be disabled or paralysed and to use a wheelchair. * It is not associated with psychiatric or neurological conditions.

Answer 22

**Koro syndrome = delusion that the sex organs (particularly the penis) are retracting or shrinking → eventually leading to death** * Causes anxiety + panic attacks Cases are primarily reported in Asia, particularly China and India, and Koro has been linked to cultural beliefs in these regions.

Answer 23

**Foregin accent syndrome = sudden change in a person's voice → perceived as changed accent** * They are **aware** that their voice has changed The new speech pattern or accent is not connected with someone’s previous experience (e.g., speaking a second language associated with the new accent). **Common cause = stroke** in the **left hemisphere**

Answer 24

**Functional neurological disorder = sensory + motor symptoms - that are no explained by any neurological disease** Cause: Underlying psychosocial factors - may have a history of significant trauma or stress Symptoms: * Weakness * Gait disturbance * Seizures * Senory loss * Vision disturbances * **Symptoms** **= not under the patient's control** + can cause considerable distress + functional impairment

Disorders Flashcards

(49 cards)