Diuretics

Question 1

Front

Answer 1

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Question 2

What are the 5 major classes of diuretics?

Answer 2

1. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors\n2. Loop diuretics\n3. Thiazide diuretics\n4. Potassium-sparing diuretics\n5. Osmotic diuretics

Question 3

What is the mechanism of action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

Answer 3

Inhibit carbonic anhydrase in the proximal tubule, reducing bicarbonate reabsorption and increasing urinary bicarbonate, sodium, and water excretion.

Question 4

Give an example of a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.

Answer 4

Acetazolamide

Question 5

What are the clinical uses of acetazolamide?

Answer 5

1. Glaucoma\n2. Acute mountain sickness\n3. Metabolic alkalosis

Question 6

Name 3 common loop diuretics.

Answer 6

1. Furosemide\n2. Bumetanide\n3. Torsemide

Question 7

What is the mechanism of action of loop diuretics?

Answer 7

Inhibit the Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter in the thick ascending loop of Henle, reducing sodium, potassium, chloride, and water reabsorption.

Question 8

What are the key side effects of loop diuretics?

Answer 8

1. Hypokalemia\n2. Ototoxicity\n3. Dehydration\n4. Metabolic alkalosis

Question 9

Name 2 common thiazide diuretics.

Answer 9

1. Hydrochlorothiazide\n2. Chlorthalidone

Question 10

What is the mechanism of action of thiazide diuretics?

Answer 10

Inhibit the Na+/Cl- symporter in the distal convoluted tubule, reducing sodium and chloride reabsorption.

Question 11

What are the clinical uses of thiazide diuretics?

Answer 11

1. Hypertension\n2. Edema\n3. Nephrolithiasis (calcium stones)

Question 12

Name 2 potassium-sparing diuretics that are aldosterone antagonists.

Answer 12

1. Spironolactone\n2. Eplerenone

Question 13

Name 2 potassium-sparing diuretics that are sodium channel blockers.

Answer 13

1. Amiloride\n2. Triamterene

Question 14

What is the mechanism of action of aldosterone antagonists?

Answer 14

Block aldosterone receptors in the collecting duct, reducing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion.

Question 15

What are the key side effects of spironolactone?

Answer 15

1. Hyperkalemia\n2. Gynecomastia\n3. Menstrual irregularities

Question 16

What is the mechanism of action of osmotic diuretics?

Answer 16

Increase osmotic pressure in the nephron, preventing water reabsorption in the proximal tubule and descending loop of Henle.

Question 17

Give an example of an osmotic diuretic.

Answer 17

Mannitol

Question 18

What are the clinical uses of mannitol?

Answer 18

1. Cerebral edema\n2. Acute glaucoma\n3. Acute kidney injury (to prevent anuria)

Question 19

What is a contraindication for mannitol use?

Answer 19

Congestive heart failure (due to risk of pulmonary edema)