Diuretics

Question 1

acetazolamide
dichlorphenamide
methazolamide

Answer 1

oral CA inhibitors

Question 2

brinzolamide, dorazolamide

Answer 2

opthalmic preps, CA inhibitors

Question 3

ciliary body secretes bicarb into the aqueous humor, inhibition of CA _______ aqueous humor formation which reduces intraocular pressure

Answer 3

decreases

Question 4

• hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis
• renal stones
• renal potassium wasting

Answer 4

CA inhibitors side effects

Question 5

• flozins
• therapy for type 2 DM
• block glucose reabsorption
• weight loss

Answer 5

SGLT2 inhibitors

Question 6

furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide, ethacrynic acid

Answer 6

loop diuretics

Question 7

loop diuretic increase _______ of calcium and magnesium

Answer 7

excretion

Question 8

• relief of pulmonary edema , acute hypercalcemia
• hypertension if thiazides don’t work
• severe hyperkalemia
• acute renal failure

Answer 8

uses of loop diuretics

Question 9

• severe dehydration, hyponatremia
• hypokalemia
• ototoxicity
• hyperuricemia and gout
• allergic reactions with sulfonamids

Answer 9

loop diuretics

Question 10

• inhibit NaCl co transport, sulfonamides
• enhanced calcium reabsoprtion
• effective in African Americans and elderly

Answer 10

thiazides

Question 11

• cause hyperuricemia, hypokalemia
• reduce calcium excretion (opposite of loops)
• treat HTN at low dose, CHF at high dose, nephrolithiasis to reduce urine calcium, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Answer 11

thiazides

Question 12

eplerenone, spironolactone, amiloride, triamterene

Answer 12

postassium sparing diuretics

Question 13

block apical sodium channels to cause loss of potential and reduce K/H excretion
-counteract hypokalemia caused by loops or thiazides

Answer 13

amiloride, triamterene

Question 14

• hyperkalemia
• metabolic acidosis
• gynecomastia
• kidney stones

Answer 14

advdrse of postassium sparing

Question 15

conivaptan, tolvaptan

Answer 15

ADH antagonists

Question 16

inhibit effects of ADH in collecting tubule, used to manage SIADH when water restriction can’t correct abnormality, also in CHF when ADH elevated due to low blood volume, get potential hypernatremia

Answer 16

ADH antagonists (-vaptans)

Question 17

• osmotic diuretics
• increase osmolarity of ultrafiltrate and prevent water reabsorption, promote water diuresis
• rapid reduction of intracranial pressure
• adverse: dehydration, loss of free water, hypernatremia, headache, nausea, vomiting

Answer 17

mannitol

Question 18

in heart failure diuretics reduced ECF volume, reduce preload, reducing cardiac work
-first choice?

Answer 18

loop diuretics (furosemide)

Question 19

for treatment of HTN ______ are more effective than loops, monotherapy of mild to moderate

Answer 19

thiazides

Question 20

preferred thiazide like diuretic?

Answer 20

chlorthalidone, long half life