Biosphere def
Biologists have only been able to describe how many?
- parts of the earth that living organisms inhabit (soil, water, air)
- biologists have only been able to describe 1.75 million/30 million because there are places on the Earth where humans have not been
Why do humans want to group organisms?
Humans want to group organisms so we can identify them, study them and their history/evolution
Taxa/Taxon def
groups that organisms are assigned to
Taxonomy def
science of naming and classifying organisms into groups that have common characteristics
What is the purpose of a biological classification system?
to express relationships between organisms
What are the 7 classification groups and how are they different from one another?
King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain
(Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species)
Gets more specific and more traits as you descend subdivisions
Linnean System of Classification
- Linnaeus (father of modern taxonomy)
- Binomial Nomenclature: Genus species (underlined)
KINGDOM Protista
- Eukaryotes (evolved from prokaryotic bacteria)
- Have characteristics from other kingdoms
KINGDOM Plantae
- Eukaryotes
- Cell walls that contain cellulose
- Multicellular
- Autothrophs (chloroplasts for photosynthesis)
- Sessile
KINGDOM Animalia
- Eukaryotes
- No cell wall
- Multicellular
- Heterotrophs
Dichotomus Key Rules
- Use positive statements instead of absence of a trait
- Divide group based on 1 trait at a time
- Try to key someone out early
- Number of couplet statements: n - 1 (n = # of organisms)
- Couplet statements: 2 questions which divide organisms into 2 groups based on their traits
- Have GO TO or therefore statement at the end
- Follow BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE at all times
Dichotomus Key: written
- a) Is the organism female? … GO TO #2
b) Is the organism male? … GO TO #5
Dichotomus Key: flow chart
- Topic at the top (eg. Hardware)
- Every time you separate, write the trait in brackets
KINGDOM Eubacteria
- Def
- Cell type
- Cell wall
- Cell organization
- Source of energy
- Motility
- Special features
- Reproductive
- Examples
- Def: “true bacteria”, most common, have been found everywhere
- Cell Type: prokaryotes
- Cell Wall: most (peptidoglycan)
- Cell Organization: unicellular
- Source of Energy: most heterotrophs, some autotrophs
- Motility: most
- Special Features: simple, no membrane bound organelles
- Reproduction: all asexual, some sexual
- Examples: cyanobacteria
KINGDOM Archaebacteria
- Def
- Cell type
- Cell wall
- Cell organization
- Source of energy
- Motility
- Special features
- Reproductive
- Examples
- Def: oldest primal organisms (binary fission), lives in harsh environments (hasn’t evolved)
- Cell Type: prokaryotes
- Cell Wall: most (peptidoglycan)
- Cell Organization: unicellular
- Source of Energy: heterotrophs
- Motility: most
- Special Features: unique DNA, no membrane, extreme environments
- Reproduction: all asexual, some sexual
- Examples: thermophiles
Protista (Animal-like): cell wall, cell organization, source of energy, motility, special features, reproduction, examples
- Cell Wall: no
- Cell Organization: most unicellular, some multicellular
- Source of Energy: heterotrophs
- Motility: most, some sessile
- Special Features: form food vacuoles, actively seek prey
- Reproduction: sexual and asexual
- Examples: paramecium, amoeba
Protista (Plant-like): cell wall, cell organization, source of energy, motility, special features, reproduction, examples
- Cell Wall: most none, some (polysaachorides)
- Cell Organization: unicellular OR multicellular
- Source of Energy: all autotrophs, some heterotrophs
- Motility: some motile, some sessile
- Special Features: contain chlorophyll
- Reproduction: sexual and asexual
- Examples: algae seaweed
KINGDOM Fungi (Basidiomycota)
- Def
- Cell type
- Cell wall
- Cell organization
- Source of energy
- Motility
- Special features
- Reproductive
- Examples
- Def: microscoptic organisms that release digestive enzymes to liquify log an absorb
- Cell Type: eukaryotes
- Cell Wall: yes (chitin)
- Cell Organization: most multicellular, some unicellular
- Source of Energy: heterotrophs
- Motility: sessile
- Special Features: secretes enzymes, absorbs nutrients (Hyphill)
- Reproduction: sexual and asexual
- Examples: mushrooms
Plantae (Bryophyta, Hepatophyta, Anthrocerophytqa): special features, reproduction, examples
- Special Features: no true organs (roots, stems, leaves), no transport tissue
- Reproduction: sexual and asexual
- Examples: peat moss, liver warts, horn warts
Plantae (Pterophyta, Sphenophyta, Lycophyta): special features, reproduction, examples
- Special Features: spore producing, have true organs, have transporting tissue
- Reproduction: sexual and asexual
- Examples: ferns, horsetails, club mosses
Plantae (Anthophyta): special features, reproduction, examples
- Special Features: flowering plant, make fruit
- Reproduction: sexual and asexual
- Examples: dandylions
Animalia (Portifer): motility, special features, reproduction, examples
- Motility: sessile
- Special Features: asymmetrical body plan, -no specialized organs/tissues
- Reproduction: sexual and asexual
- Examples: sponges
Animalia (Platyhelminthes): motility, special features, reproduction, examples
- Motility: motile
- Special Features: flat body, bilaterial, only internal cavity is digestive
- Reproduction: sexual and asexual
- Examples: tape worms
Animalia (Mollusca): motility, special features, reproduction, examples
- Motility: motile OR sessile
- Special Features: moist, muscular body (no skeleton), have a shell
- Reproduction: sexual
- Examples: clams, squid, snails
