0
Q
PROKARYOTIC
A
- The simplest of cells that lack a nucleus
- They contain Archaebacteria and Eubacteria kingdoms
- Their DNA is concentrated in the nucleoid
- Small (1-10 um)
- DNA is circular - free floating in Cytoplasm
- Genome made up of a single chromosome
- Cell division not by mitosis or meiosis
- Asexual reproduction
- Rare multicellular forms
- Absent Organelles
- Anaerobic (don’t need oxygen)
1
Q
THE CELL THEORY
A
- All living things are composed of one or more cells
- The cell is the smallest entity that retains the properties of life
- New cells are created from existing cells
2
Q
EUKARYOTIC
A
- Large cells that contain complex internal structures
- 100 - 1000 un
- Includes plants, animals, fungi and Protists
- Contain organelles that have a specific structure and function, many surrounded by their own membranes
- DNA in the nucleus
- Genome made up of several chromosomes
- Cell division by mitosis and meiosis
- Sexual reproduction
- Most forms are multicellular
- Organelles are present
- Most are aerobic
3
Q
AUTOTROPHS
A
Capture the light energy from sunlight and convert it to chemical energy they use for food
4
Q
HETEROTROPHS
A
Must get energy by eating autotrophs or other heterotrophs
5
Q
DECOMPOSERS
A
AKA - Saprobes
Heterotrophs that recycle dead organisms by breaking them down
6
Q
6 KINGDOMS (in order)
A
- Archaebacteria
- Eubacteria
- Protista
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
7
Q
DICHITOMOUS KEY
A
A device for easily and quickly identifying an unknown organism
Widely used in biological sciences
8
Q
KINGDOM PLANTAE
A
- ancestors were filamentous green algae
- eukaryotic - multicellular and non-motile
- photosynthetic autotrophs
- chloroplasts contain chlorophyll a+b and others
- cell walls of cellulose
- food stored as starch (which can make glucose)
- reproduce sexually with alternating haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) generations
- most are terrestrial
9
Q
NON-VASCULAR
A
No vessels, roots, stems or leaves
EG - mosses and liverworts
10
Q
VASCULAR
A
- Phylum Tracheophyta
- Vessels transport food and water
- roots, stems, leaves
- ex. Grass, corn, trees, flowers, bushes
Xylem - transports water
Phoelem - transports food and nutrients
11
Q
XYLEM
A
Transports water
12
Q
PHOELEM
A
Transports food and nutrients
13
Q
REPRODUCTION
A
- Plants alternate between 2 generations: sporophyte (diploid) and gametophyte (haploid)
- haploid sores grow into gametophyte which produces male and female gametes that use during fertilization to produce new sporophyte
14
Q
KINGDOM PLANTAE 2
A
- needle like leaves
- stay green all year round
- wind pollinated
- ex. Pine trees and evergreens
15
Q
PLANTAE: Angiosperms
A
- the most successful group of plats
- they have coevolved with insects to improve pollination
- flowering plants
- seeds are enclosed, usually in fruit
- have finite growing seasons
- pollinated by birds and bees
Ex. Grasses, tulips, dandelions, oaks
16
Q
PLANTAE:
Monocots
A
- angiosperms have 1 seed leaves
- parallel veins on leaves
- 3 part symmetry for flowers
- scattered vascular tissue
- ex. Lilies, onions, corn, grasses and wheat g
17
Q
PLANTAE: Dicots
A
- angiosperms have 2 seed leaves
- net veins of leaves
- flowers have 4-5 leave parts
- taproots
- vascular tissue arranged in a ring
- ex. trees, ornamental flowers
18
Q
FERN LIFE CYCLE
A
- clusters of sporangia (sori) under fronds produce haploid spores
- spores are released and produce haploid
19
Q
TAXONOMY
A
The science of grouping and naming organisms
20
Q
PHYLOGENY
A
- evolutionary development of a group of organisms
- used to group related organisms into a taxa based on a shared common ancestor
21
Q
PHYLOGENIC TREES
A
Based on a combination of
- Fossil record
- Morphology
- Embryology
- Chromosomes and DNA
22
Q
VIRUSES
A
- are not classified as living organisms because they had no cellular structure
- they are parasites to their host cells and can only reproduce inside a host cell
- contain DNA and RNA
23
Q
BACTERIOPHAGES
A
These viruses infect bacteria
24
VIRAL REPRODUCTION
- Viruses are host specific
- Can be active (lytic cycle) or dormant (lysogenic cycle)
- steps of viral reproduction are attachment and insertion, replication, synthesis, assembly and release
- lytic cycle takes 25-45 minutes and can produce up to 300
25
H.I.V.
A retrovirus that targets "helper" cells
26
BACTERIA
Most have cell walls, a capsule (slimy or jelly coating), plasmids and can form endospores
27
METHANOGENS
Anaerobes, decomposers and can be found in swamp sediments
28
EXTREME THERMOPHILES
Anaerobes, live in hot springs and hot temperature areas and contain heat stable enzymes
29
EXTREME HALOPHILES
Aerobes, photosynthetic autotrophs, grown in salt lakes
30
KINGDOM PLANTAE: Leaves
Absorb light and causes change in water and minerals
31
KINGDOM PLANTAE: Transpiration
H2O loss from plants
Cools plants
Pulls H2O through plants from the roots
32
KINGDOM PLANTAE: Primary Root
- First root to germinate
- Taproot
- may grow very long to reach deep water
- beats, carrot, radish, spud
33
KINGDOM PLANTAE: Secondary Root
- Fibrous roots
- diffuse root system
- usually shallow
- spread across large areas (grass)
34
4 FUNGI CATEGORIES
1. Mould
2. Water mould
3. Yeast
4. Bracket fungi
35
KINGDOM FUNGI
- Spores are usually dispersed by air currents and when in a suitable arrangement, they germinate
- Can cause ringworm, athletes foot
36
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Anaerobic - 4ATP
Aerobic - 36-38 ATP
- Cells convert energy from molecules such as glucose into a from the cell can use
- Involved the use of metabolism
- plants get energy through photosynthesis
- energy comes from glucose and produces carbon dioxide and water
37
RESPIRATION STEPS
1. In the cytoplasm - glucose (absence of oxygen)
2. In the matrix of the mitochondria - Krebs Cycle (requires oxygen)
3. On the inner mitochondrial membrane - electron transport chain
38
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- process by which plants and other autotrophs store the energy of sunlight into sugars
- requires sunlight, water and carbon dioxide
- occurs in the leaves of plants in organelles called chloroplasts
39
ANIMALIA: Porifera
Sponges
| Spend their lives attached to rocks
40
ANIMALIA: Cnidaria
Jellyfish, sea anemones and corals
Have tentacles with stinging cells
Can be umbrella, or vase shaped
41
ANIMALIA: Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
Have bilateral symmetry
First animals to have a head
42
ANIMALIA: Nematoda
Roundworms
Many are parasites
Have a complete digestive tracts
43
ANIMALIA: Mollusca
Clams, snails, octopus
Most have hard shells covering their soft bodies
44
ANIMALIA: Annelida
Earthworms, sand worms, leeches
Segmented bodies
Have a circulatory system
45
ANIMALIA: Arthropoda
Crayfish, lobster, crabs, insects, spiders
Have jointed legs
Exoskeleton
46
ANIMALIA: Echinodermata
Starfish, sand dollars, sea urchins
Prickly skin
Adults have radial symmetry
47
ANIMALIA: Chordata
Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
Have a backbone
Has 7 classes
48
Cellular respiration steps
Glycosis
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain
49
Stages of viral lytic cycle
Attachment
Synthesis
Assembly
Release
50
Layer of cells where most chloroplasts are found
Palisade Mesophyll
51
Photosynthesis
02 + glucose
52
Gymnosperms
Have need like leaves
| Are pollinated by wind
53
Ferns
Seedless plants that reproduce by spores
54
Binary fission
Look at diagram
55
What are the leaves role?
Photosynthesis
56
What are the stems role?
Support
57
Roots
Reach water to absorb
58
Symbiotic Relationship
A relationship between the hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of some plants
59
Monocots
Parallel veins on leaves
Fibrous roots
Lillies, corn, grass, wheat
1 seed leaf
60
Dicots
```
2 seeds
Net veins on leaves
Flowers have 4-5 parts
Tap roots
Trees
```
61
Aerobic Cellular Respiration: GLYCOSIS
Glucose -> 2 Pyruvate
| 2 ATP
62
Aerobic Cellular Respiration: KREBS CYCLE
2ATP - CO2, hydrogen ions
63
Aerobic Cellular Respiration: ELECTRIC TRANSPORT CHAIN
Hydrogen ions - Water
| 32-34 ATP
64
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration: GLYCOSIS
Glucose - 2 Pyruvate
| 2 ATP
65
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration: FERMENTATION
2 Pyruvate - alcohol & co2 (yeast cells) or lactic acid (muscle cells)
Genetics and Diversity
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