What is a phenotype?
An observable characteristic (physical, behavioural, or internal)
What is genetic inheritance?
The passing of traits from parents to offspring through DNA
What is a species?
A group of organisms that can reproduce and produce fertile offspring
Why are individuals in a species different?
Because they have different versions of genes (genetic variation)
What is a gene?
A section of DNA that codes for a protein.
What is the genome?
All the genetic information in an organism.
What are the 4 DNA bases?
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)
What do genes code for?
Proteins
What determines genetic information?
The sequence of bases (A, T, C, G)
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
Phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, base
What type of molecule is DNA?
A polymer (made of nucleotide monomers)
What bond joins nucleotides?
Phosphodiester bond
What is the DNA backbone?
Sugar-phosphate backbone
Which direction does DNA grow?
5′ → 3′
What is the shape of DNA?
Double helix
What does antiparallel mean?
Strands run in opposite directions (5′→3′ and 3′→5′)
Which bases pair together?
A–T and C–G
How many hydrogen bonds in A–T?
2
How many hydrogen bonds in C–G?
3
Why is base pairing important?
It allows DNA to replicate accurately
Where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells?
In the nucleus
What are chromosomes?
Long DNA molecules carrying genes
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46 (23 pairs)
What does diploid mean?
Two sets of chromosomes
