Life Sciences 101 > DNA basics > Flashcards

DNA basics Flashcards

(19 cards)

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1
Q

Parts/ structure of the nucleus

A
  • Nuclear envelope (double membrane) with pores
  • Nucleolus
  • Chromatin network (DNA and proteins)
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2
Q

The general structure of DNA

A
  • A very long molecule
  • Double strand resembling a ladder
  • Twisted into a helix (I.e. a double helix)
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3
Q

what is a polymer?

A

A molecule that contains monomers which are similar units or building blocks

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4
Q

The monomer of DNA?

A

nucleotides

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5
Q

Nucleotides are made up of?

A
  • A phosphate
  • A deoxyribose sugar
  • A nitrogenous base
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6
Q

The different nitrogenous bases of DNA.

A
  • A adenine
  • T thymine
  • C cytosine
  • G guanine
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7
Q

Purine bases

A
  • Larger
  • A and G
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8
Q

Pyramidines

A
  • smaller
  • C and T
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9
Q

The pairing of nitrogenous bases of DNA and how many bonds for each?

A
  • A with T (2 H-bonds)
  • G with C (3 H-bonds)
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10
Q

The name of the bonds between nitrogenous bases in DNA?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

Mutation

A

Change in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA

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12
Q

True or false: mutations are always harmful

A

False

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13
Q

Types of mutations

A
  • Point: single nucleotide change
  • Substitution: replacing one (or more) nucleotide(s) with another
  • Deletion: deleting one (or more) nucleotide(s) from the DNA
  • Insertion: adding one (or more) nucleotide(s) into the DNA
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14
Q

Frame shift

A

A change in the way codons are read because nucleotide triplets shift as a result of a deletion or insertion

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15
Q

Causes of mutations

A
  • exposure to radiation,
  • viruses,
  • faulty copying during transcription
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16
Q

Mutation (definition)

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A

Change in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA

17
Q

The effect of a mutation could be…

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A
  • beneficial - the change results in a new adaptation that makes the organism better suited to its environment (natural selection will favour this mutation)
  • neutral - no change as the same amino acid is coded for
  • harmful - the change results in a different protein, or no protein, being produced, which is harmful to the organism lethal - the change results in a non-viable cell/ zygote/ organism, which therefore dies.
18
Q

A change in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA

19
Q

Where is DNA found?

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A
  • Nuclear DNA in the nucleus
  • Extranuclear DNA in mitochondria
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