DOA

Question 1

Commander’s Appreciation and Campaign Design (CACD)

Answer 1

• a cognitive process, rooted in operational experience and wargames. It is intended for use by commanders charged with designing, planning, and executing military campaigns.
• Framework focuses on four topics:
  
  • Complexity (structural & interactive)
  • Problem structure
  • Operational art
  • Campaigning
• Well-medium-ill structured problems
• Design (art) vs engineering (science)
• Problem framing occurs before MDMP

Question 2

Army Design Methodology

Answer 2

• conceptual planning that assists commanders U-V-D-D-A inside the Army operations process
• Combining conceptual and detail planing
  
  • Conceptual - what to do and why
  • Detail - how to do it
• Doctrine doesn’t prescribe steps, but gives ‘a way’ being Frame OE => frame problem => frame solutions => reframing
• Key Concepts of ADM
  
  • OPART
  • Criticial and creative thinking
  • Collaboration and dialogue
  • Systems thinking
  • Framing
  • Visual modeling
  • Narrative construction

Question 3

Systemic Operational Design (SOD)

Answer 3

• Applies systems theory to OPART
• Started by Israeli Defense Forces
• Endorsed by Wass de Czege “There is no beginning and no end state.”
• Focuses on the relationships between actors to identify systemic trends
• Allows for military influence on policy
• Rejected by IDF in 2006

Question 4

Effects based operations (EBO)

Answer 4

• A US concept that emerged during the Gulf War
• Four components
  
  • Knowledge superiority
  • Effects-based planning process
  • Dynamic execution
  • Accurate, timely effects assessment
• Focused on outcome
• Largely ignores anything but end state (e.g. relationships; agent-structure, etc)
• Benefit: focuses on desired outcomes.

Question 5

Operational Net Assessment (ONA)

Answer 5

• an analytical process designed within the Department of Defense to enhance decision-making superiority for the warfighting Commander. ONA plans to integrate people, processes, and tools using multiple information sources and collaborative analysis.
• Uses a system of systems analysis (SoSA)
• Formed the knowledge base for planning
• Requires defining the problem
• Begins when the CCDR designates a focus are inside the AOR

Question 6

System of Systems Analysis (SoSA)

Answer 6

• a collection of task-oriented or dedicated systems that pool their resources and capabilities together to create a new, more complex system which offers more functionality and performance than simply the sum of the constituent systems
• PEMESII-PT falls in this category
• Identify key nodes to affect with the goal of changing the entire system
• Criticism - overly scientific (McNamara), doesn’t account for complexity, collection of data rather than synthesis

Question 7

Austrialian Adaptation Cycle

Answer 7

• actions are taken to stimulate a response to permit assessment of the adversary system before becoming fully committed to a particular course of action

Question 8

Michael Evans

Answer 8

• Fought in the Rhodesian security forces during their civil war, and later service in Zimbabwe; professor at Austrialian Defence College and Daakin Univ
• Wrote about COG analysis in joint planning
• Argues that Clausewitz was not reductionist in his COG analysis because he wasn’t perscriptive in determining COG
• Argued the COG determination is vital in design
• Echos that it is a planning tool that is important, but doesn’t have to be used all the time

Question 9

Yaneer Bar-Yam

Answer 9

• Physics background from MIT; Jewish; founder of the New England Complex Systems Institute (NECSI)
• Focuses on developing complex systems concepts and applying them to diverse areas of scientific inquiry and to major social problems
• Everything is about relationship; interdependence has to do with how vital the relationship is (i.e. if we remove an agent from the system, does the entire system change?)
• Self-organizing - things will change to take on the behavior of the environment
• Talks about complexity the same way Gaddis does about history.
• Hierarchy vs hybrid vs network
• Cooperation and competition between players, teams, and sports.

Question 10

Donald A. Schön

Answer 10

• 1930-1997; Yale, Sarbonne, Harvard; philosopher and professor in urban planning at MIT; Educating the Reflective Practicioner
• Two kinds of practice situations
  
  • Familiar situation = doctrine works
  • Unfamiliary = doctrine falls short
• Reflection-in-action = constructionist; use doctrine as a guide to get you there
• Knowing-in-action = doctrine of a structured problem
• Many professional skills are learnable, coachable, but not teachable.
• Practice - give subordinates the opportunity to be challenged, reflect on their action and grow.

Question 11

Bryan Lawson

Answer 11

• architect and a psychologist; British; current; note wrote that architect and designers don’t like to cross-pollenate, but he is an architect writing on designing
• Design is both a noun & verb

Question 12

Ernest R. Alexander

Answer 12

• Alexander presents an integrative framework that depicts different planning paradigms with various forms of rationality
• Planning paradigms
  
  • classic rational planning - seeking a decision from the boss (COA Dev Brief)
  • communitative practice - interactive; seeking shared understanding
  • coordinative planning - implementation of OPORD in OPS
  • Planning as frame setting - doctrine; agreed upon way of doing business

Question 13

Peter Senge

Answer 13

• 1947- ; Stanford, MIT; systems thinking
• The 5 disciplines
  
  • Personal Mastery
  • Mental Models
  • Building a Shared Vision
  • Team Learning
  • Systems thinking - integrates the other four

Question 14

Ben Ramalingam

Answer 14

• Talks about how we think we are doing the right thing when we make the problem worse
• Evolution - variation, selection, amplification
• Homogenity makes the system fragile
• Centralization = better problem solving; decentralized = better creativity
• Complex systems = emergence, feedback processes, mutual interdependence, multiple interactions and influences, and human dynamics
• Organized simplicity vs organixed complexity vs unorganized complexity
  *

Question 15

Dietrich Dörner

Answer 15

• 1938- ; German; the Logic of Failure; Theoretical Psychology
• Failure develops gradually over time
• We solve the problems we are familiar with
• Time sequences and ocillations