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Document Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the first step in the orthopedic case approach?

A

Signalment: Alder, race, brug, køn

Important for identifying breed-specific disorders and understanding the patient’s background.

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2
Q

List the relevant disorders for specific breeds mentioned in the text.

A
  • HD in schæfer
  • ED in labrador
  • erosive arthritis in greyhound

These disorders are significant for breed-specific health assessments.

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3
Q

What should be included in the anamnesis for an orthopedic case?

A
  • Travel history
  • Lameness details
  • Duration of symptoms
  • Possible triggers
  • Activity level changes
  • Previous treatments

Comprehensive anamnesis aids in accurate diagnosis.

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4
Q

True or false: Hanner are more affected by osteochondrosis.

A

TRUE

Gender can influence the prevalence of certain orthopedic conditions.

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5
Q

What is the weight distribution in dogs between front and hind legs?

A

Forben 60% and bagben 40%

Understanding weight distribution is crucial for gait analysis.

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6
Q

What are the phases of gait affected in unilateral lameness?

A
  • Stance phase on affected leg is shortened
  • Swing phase is shortened on contralateral leg

Observing these phases helps in diagnosing the type of lameness.

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7
Q

What are the consequences of lameness?

A
  • Muscle atrophy
  • Reduced ROM
  • Decreased muscle strength
  • Altered movement patterns

Lameness can lead to further complications if not addressed.

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8
Q

What is the first step in a clinical examination for orthopedic cases?

A

General clinical examination

This is followed by a specific orthopedic examination.

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9
Q

What imaging techniques are most commonly used in orthopedic diagnostics?

A
  • Røntgen
  • Ultralyd
  • CT
  • MRI
  • Fluoroscopy
  • Scintigraphy

Each technique has specific applications and advantages.

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10
Q

What is the gold standard for assessing nerve and soft tissue injuries?

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

MRI is particularly effective for ligament and muscle injuries.

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11
Q

What does computed tomography (CT) provide that standard X-rays do not?

A

Cross-sectional images of bones and joints

CT offers more detailed information and is useful for complex fractures.

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12
Q

What are the four subtypes of immunmediated polyarthritis?

A
  • Idiopathic (50%)
  • Infectious (25%)
  • GI problems
  • Neoplasia

Understanding these subtypes aids in diagnosis and treatment.

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13
Q

What is the purpose of joint fluid analysis in suspected polyarthritis?

A

To identify inflammation and differentiate types of arthritis

Joint fluid analysis can reveal neutrophils and other indicators of disease.

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14
Q

What is the significance of neutrophils in joint fluid analysis?

A

Indicate inflammation

Differentiating between degenerative and non-degenerative conditions is crucial.

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15
Q

What are the important checkpoints when evaluating bones in imaging?

A
  • Bone density
  • Conformation
  • Integrity
  • Periosteal reaction
  • Lesions

These checkpoints help assess bone health and detect abnormalities.

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16
Q

What does nuclear scintigraphy reveal?

A

Areas of increased bone activity

It is useful for detecting stress fractures and bone tumors.

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17
Q

What is the role of fluoroscopy in orthopedic procedures?

A

Real-time imaging for guiding implantations

Fluoroscopy is specialized and less commonly used.

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18
Q

What is the main use of ultrasound in orthopedics?

A

Non-invasive imaging of soft tissues

It is effective for assessing joint effusions and ligament injuries.

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19
Q

Hvad er de fire undertyper af immunmedieret polyarthritis?

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A
  • Idiopatisk (50%)
  • Infektiøs (25%)
  • GI problemer
  • Neoplasi

Ikke bakterier fra andre infektioner der går over i leddet, de er bare triggeren for IPA.

20
Q

Hvilke antistoffer er til stede ved rheumatoid arthritis?

Study These Flashcards
A

IgG antistoffer

Der vil også være radiografiske ændringer.

21
Q

Hvilke antistoffer findes ved systemisk lupus erythematosus?

Study These Flashcards
A

antinucleare antibodies

Disse antistoffer er vigtige for diagnosen.

22
Q

Hvad måler CRP?

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A

Akut fase proteiner der øges ved inflammation

CRP bør måles ved mistanke om septisk arthritis og til at monitorere effekten af behandling.

23
Q

Hvad er formålet med FNASP?

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A

At differentiere mellem inflammatorisk, infektiøs eller neoplastisk læsion

Skal tages fra midten af læsionen.

24
Q

Nævn de tre typer biopsi.

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Core needle biopsi
  • Incisional biopsi
  • Excisional biopsi

Biopsi giver en definitiv diagnose og grad af malignitet.

25
Hvad er formålet med **blokader**?
Diagnostik og smerte-lindring ## Footnote Kan bruges under og efter operation.
26
Hvad er de **vigtige læringsmål** vedrørende frakturer?
* Indledende vurdering af fraktur-patient * Klassifikationer for frakturer * Principper bag fraktur-reparation * Metoder for fraktur fixering * Stabiliseringen af specifikke frakturer * Klinisk tilgang til komplikationer ## Footnote Disse mål er essentielle for korrekt behandling af frakturer.
27
Hvad skal altid inkluderes i beskrivelsen af en **fraktur**?
* Lokalisering * Form * Kompleksitet * Kommunikation med miljøet * Bløddelsskader * Stabilitet ## Footnote Disse faktorer er afgørende for korrekt klassifikation og behandling.
28
Hvad er **Salter-Harris frakturklassifikation**?
* Type 1: Går igennem vækstplader * Type 2: Går op i metaphysen * Type 3: Går igennem epiphysen * Type 4: Går igennem metaphysen, vækstpladen og ned i epiphysen * Type 5: Kompression af vækstlinjen ## Footnote Alle typer bærer risiko for premature lukning af vækstlinjen.
29
Hvad er **Gustilo open fracture klassifikation** grad 1?
Åben fraktur, lav kontamination, sår under 1 cm i længde ## Footnote Denne klassifikation hjælper med at vurdere graden af skade.
30
Hvad er forskellen mellem **stabile** og **ustabile** frakturer?
* Stabile: Greenstick, transvers, interdigitale fragmenter * Ustabile: Oblique, comminuted ## Footnote Ustabile frakturer har fragmenter, der bevæger sig imellem hinanden.
31
Hvad er **nomenklatur** for frakturer?
* Hvilken knogle * Hvilken del af knoglen * Type fraktur/kompleksitet * Kommunikation med ydre miljø * Displacement ## Footnote Beskrivelsen skal være præcis for korrekt behandling.
32
Hvad er **kompression** i biomekanik?
Essentrisk kræft ## Footnote Plader er bedre ved strain force end kompression force.
33
Hvad er **neutral axis**?
Overgangen mellem compression og tension påvirkning i knoglen ## Footnote Det er vigtigt for forståelsen af knoglestruktur og belastning.
34
Hvad er forskellen mellem **direkte** og **indirekte heling**?
* Direkte: Primær heling med kontakt, deformation <2% * Indirekte: Callus dannelse, deformation >2% ## Footnote Indirekte heling går hurtigere end primær heling.
35
Hvilke **vækstfaktorer** frigives ved en fraktur?
* PDGF * TGF-β1 * VEGF * Prostaglandiner * BMP ## Footnote Disse faktorer er afgørende for helingsprocessen.
36
Hvad afhænger knoglens modstand mod **bøjning** af?
**Area of inertien**, som stiger kraftigt, når diameteren øges ## Footnote Modstanden er relateret til radius opløftet i 4. potens.
37
Hvad betyder en lille forøgelse i **callus-diameter**?
Giver en meget stor forøgelse i **stabilitet** ## Footnote Dette er vigtigt for forståelsen af knogleheling.
38
Hvad er det første skridt i **tilgangen til traumepatienten**?
Er patienten **stabil**? ## Footnote Stabilitet er afgørende for videre behandling.
39
Hvad står **ABC** for i patient evaluering?
* Airway * Breathing * Circulation ## Footnote Disse tre elementer er essentielle for vurdering af patientens tilstand.
40
Hvilke røntgenundersøgelser skal udføres ud fra patientens traume?
* Røntgen af thorax * Røntgen af abdomen ## Footnote Disse undersøgelser giver overblik over skadens omfang.
41
Hvad er formålet med **stabilisering** af traumepatienten?
* O2 * Væske * Analgesi ## Footnote Stabilisering er kritisk for at sikre patientens overlevelse.
42
Hvad er en **multimodal model** i analgesi?
* NSAID * Opoider ## Footnote Vær opmærksom på brugen af NSAID ved dyr i chok.
43
Hvornår er **immobilisering** af fraktur nyttig?
* Reducere instabilitet * Reducere smerte * Reducere inflammation * Beskytte mod ydre vævsbeskadigelse ## Footnote Immobilisering er normalt kun ved frakturer distalt for albue/knæ.
44
Hvad skal vurderes ved **åbne sår**?
* Sensitivitet * Puls * Aktiv blødning * Farve og temperatur af benet distalt for frakturen ## Footnote Disse faktorer er vigtige for at vurdere skadens alvorlighed.
45
Hvad kræver en **komplet ortopædisk undersøgelse**?
Kan kræve **sedering** ud fra dyrets temperament/smertepåvirkning ## Footnote Sedering kan være nødvendig for at udføre en grundig undersøgelse.
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