ENLIGHTENMENT — FLAWS & LIMITS
Flaws of the Enlightenment (Race)
→ Reinforced Eurocentrism and racist ideas that justified colonization and domination of non-Europeans.
Flaws of the Enlightenment (Gender)
→ Women were excluded from definitions of equality and political rights.
Flaws of the Enlightenment (Class)
→ Equality mainly applied to wealthy white men, not lower classes.
Flaws of the Enlightenment (Unity)
→ Promoted “us vs. them” thinking through nationalism and cultural superiority.
Flaws of the Enlightenment (Religion)
→ Taught tolerance in theory but treated Christianity as superior and used it to justify empire.
SCIENCE & THE ENLIGHTENMENT
How Science Drove the Enlightenment
→ Scientific discoveries showed the world could be explained by reason and evidence, encouraging people to question tradition, monarchs, and the church.
ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS (IDENTIFY BY DEFINITION OR EXAMPLE)
Natural Rights
→ Life, liberty, and property; governments must protect these rights.
Popular Sovereignty
→ Power belongs to the people, not a king.
Separation of Powers
→ Government power divided into branches to prevent tyranny.
Social Contract
→ People can replace a government that fails to protect rights.
Rule of Law
→ Everyone, including rulers, must obey the law.
Religious Tolerance
→ Government should not enforce or favor a religion.
Individual Freedom
→ People have the right to make personal choices about beliefs and work.
MODERN DEMOCRACY / DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
Features of a Modern Democracy
→ Free and fair elections, constitution, separation of powers, rule of law, protection of rights, citizen participation, transparency, accountability.
COLONIZATION OF THE AMERICAS
Columbian Exchange
→ Transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and people between the Old World and the Americas after 1492.
Role of the Columbian Exchange in Colonization
→ Increased food supply and profits, helping Europeans settle and control colonies.
Transatlantic Slave Trade
→ Forced movement of about 12 million Africans to the Americas for plantation labor.
Role of Slavery in Colonization
→ Provided forced labor to extract resources and generate plantation profits.
ABSOLUTE MONARCHY & CHALLENGES
Absolute Monarchy
→ A system where one hereditary ruler holds total, unchecked power.
Divine Right of Kings
→ Belief that monarchs received authority from God and answered only to God.
How Enlightenment Ideas Challenged Absolute Monarchy
→ Thinkers argued that power comes from the people and governments must protect natural rights.
STATE SUPPORT FOR INDUSTRIALIZATION
How the State Can Support Industrialization
→ Enclosure Laws, reduced taxes, infrastructure funding, patent laws, and restricting unions.
JAPAN & INDUSTRIALIZATION
Japan’s Industrialization (Meiji Restoration)
→ Japan modernized to compete globally by investing in industry, placing business leaders in government, and expanding to gain resources and markets.
LASTING SOCIETAL IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION (8)
Worker Exploitation
→ Long hours, low wages, unsafe conditions.
Specialization of Labor
→ Workers performed one repeated task.
Affordable Consumer Goods
→ Machine production made goods cheaper.
Weaker Family Cohesion
→ Factory schedules disrupted family life.
Environmental Damage
→ Pollution and resource depletion increased.
Growth of the Middle Class
→ New jobs and economic mobility expanded.
Expanded Government Role
→ Governments became more involved in regulation.
Global Trade Growth
→ Manufactured goods dominated world trade.
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
Capitalism (Adam Smith)
→ Private ownership, profit motive, competition, invisible hand of supply and demand, minimal government interference.
Socialism (Karl Marx)
→ Government owns major industries to distribute wealth more evenly.
Communism (Karl Marx)
→ Classless, stateless society after workers overthrow owners and abolish private property.
DAILY LIFE DURING INDUSTRIALIZATION
Changes for the Working Poor
→ Long hours, low wages, dangerous conditions.
Changes to Cities
→ Rapid urbanization, overcrowding, pollution.
Changes to Communities
→ Traditional family structures weakened as factory work replaced home labor.
HISTORICAL READING SKILLS
Historical Reading Skills
→ Understanding context, cause and effect, and how events connect over time.
NEW IMPERIALISM
Short-Term Motives for New Imperialism
→ Raw materials, new markets, military bases, land, missionaries.
Long-Term Causes of New Imperialism
→ Industrialization, nationalism, Social Darwinism.
Causes of the Era of New Imperialism
→ Economic needs, national competition, belief in superiority.
TACTICS OF EMPIRE
Tactics of Empire
→ Dividing ethnic groups, unfair treaties, gradual conquest, using local customs, modern weapons and medicine.
WORLD WAR I
Long-Term Causes of WWI (M.A.I.N.)
→ Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism.
Short-Term Cause of WWI
→ Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914.
Ways WWI Was a Total War
→ Government control, propaganda, colonial soldiers, women in factories, civilian targeting.
THREE FRONTS OF WWI
Western Front
→ Trench warfare in France; poison gas; Schlieffen Plan failed.
Eastern Front
→ More movement; Russia suffered major defeats.
Middle Eastern Front
→ Largest front; included the failed Gallipoli Campaign.
