Domain 1.4

Question 1

What is the purpose of a default Gateway

Answer 1

A device that allows traffic to leave and enter a subnet

Question 2

What is a loopback address

Answer 2

An address to your own NIC

Ranges from:
127.0.0.1 to 127.255.255.254

Easy way to self reference (ping 127.0.0.1)

Question 3

What are the reserved addresses

Answer 3

Addresses reserved for future use (class E addresses)

240.0.0.1 - 254.255.255.254

Question 4

What is a VIP (Virtual IP Address)?

Answer 4

Not associated with a physical NIC.
Typically used with a VM or internal router address.

Question 5

What is APIPA and the address range

Answer 5

A link local address - Not able to be forwarded by router

Ranges from:
169.254.0.1 - 169.254.255.254

First and last 256 addresses are reserved.

Functional block of
169.254.1.0 - 169.254.254.255

Question 6

Describe the 1918 RFC IP addresses

Answer 6

Designates IP Ranges for Private IP Addresses

Class A -
10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255

Class B -
172.16.0.0 - 172.16.31.255.255

Class C -
192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255

Question 7

What are the four methods of communication over an IPv4 network

Answer 7

Unicast -

Multicast -

Broadcast -

Anycast -

Question 8

Describe IPv4 Unicast Communication

Answer 8

Single machine to machine

Web-surfing, file transfers

Does not scale well

Question 9

Describe IPv4 Broadcast Communication

Answer 9

Send information to all machines in broadcast domain at once

One packet received by everyone
Routing updates, AR P requests
Not used in IPv6

Question 10

Describe IPv4 Multicast Communication

Answer 10

Delivery of info to interested systems
-One to Many

Multimedia delivery, stock updates.

Very specialized, and difficult to scale across large networks.

Used in both IPv4 and v6 neworks

Question 11

Describe IPv4 Anycast Communication

Answer 11

-Single destination IP address has multiple paths to two or more endpoints.

-One-to-one of many

• Configure the same anycast address on different devices.
• The anycast address looks like any other unicast address.
• Packets sent to anycast address are delivered to the closest interface.
  Typical for DNS

Question 12

List the Classful IP Address Ranges using CIDR notation

Answer 12

Leading Octet used to determine class and default network bits:

Class A: 1-127 \24
Class B: 128-191 \16
Class C: 192-223 \8

Class D: 224-239 (Undefined subnet mask)
Class E: 240-254 (Undefined subnet mask)

Question 13

What is the length in bits of a IPv6 Address

Answer 13

128-bits

Question 14

What are the rules for shortening an IPv6 Address

Answer 14

• Groups of zeros can be abbreviated using “::” Only once per address
• Leading 0’s are optional

DNS is very important

Question 15

What is EUI-64?

Answer 15

Extended Unique Identifier - 64bit

Method of static addressing where the address of the device never changes.

Makes use of the other address each device with a NIC has (MAC Address)

EUI-64 combines IPv6 Prefix and the MAC address.

Question 16

How do you create a EUI-64 address?

Answer 16

-Take the EUI-48 address (MAC Address- 48 bits), split it in half.

-Enter FFFE in the middle for the two MAC address parts (16 bits)

Invert the seventh bit in the address to change the BIA (Burned in address) from a locally administered address.

Question 17

Explain IPv6 local tunneling

Answer 17

6to4 addressing
-Send IPv6 over existing IPv4 network
- Creates an IPV6 based on the IPv4 address.
-Requires relay routers
- No NAT support

4in6 - Tunnel IPv4 traffic over IPv6 network

Question 18

What is Teredo/Miredo?

Answer 18

Methods to tunnel IPv6 through NATed IPv4 network.
-End-To-End IPv6 through IPv4
- No special Router needed
-Temporary during migration to IPv6

Miredo - open source for Limux, BSD Unix, and MAC OS X

Question 19

What is Dual Stack Routing

Answer 19

IPV4 and IPV6 run at the same time.
-Interfaces will be assigned multiple address types.

Question 20

Describe IPv4 Dual Stack Routing

Answer 20

-IPV4 configured with IPv4 addresses
-Maintains an IPV4 routing table
-Uses IPv4 Dynamic Routing Protocols

Question 21

Describe IPv6 Dual Stack Routing

Answer 21

Maintains a separate IPv6 Routing table
- Uses IPv6 Dynamic Routing Protocols

Question 22

True or False: IPv6 uses ARP for neighbor discovery

Answer 22

False:

IPv6 uses NS (Neighbor Solicitation) - sent as a multicast and NA (Neighbor Advertisement) for Neighbor discovery.

Question 23

What is NDP?

Answer 23

Neighbor Discovery Protocol -

Method that runs over IPv6 Multicast that allows for Neighbor MAC Address resolution/Discovery.

Question 24

What is SLAAC?

Answer 24

Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
Allows for the configuration of an IPv6 address without an DHCP server.

Question 25

What is DAD?

Answer 25

Duplicate Address Detection - Prevents duplicate addresses on a network