The progression from letter naming to word reading.
- letter naming
- phonemic awareness
- alphabetic principle
- sight words
- phonics
- fluency
- comprehension
Fluency
The bridge between word analysis and reading comprehension.
Role of Fluency Automacity Theory
based on the principle that tasks become easier requiring less attention through practice. Decoding becomes automatic through explicit instruction and practice. The goal of teachers is to move students beyond accuracy in decoding to automacity, so attention can be focused on comprehension of the text.
What are the indicators that fluency has been attained?
- accuracy
- pacing
- prosody
Accuracy
determines that the students are pronouncing the wors correctly as they read.
pacing
students are reading the text at the correct speed (according to the speed of their daily speech)
prosody
students are reading with expression, phrasing, pitch and volume according to context and punctuating.
Factors that disrupt fluency
- weak word analysis
- stop to decode unfamiliar words
- lack of background knowledge
- lack of context vocabulary
- lack of complex syntactic structure
How is fluency instruction done?
- teacher will review the difficult words (on index cards)
- read the word to the student(s)
- echo read
- chorally read words
- have students read independently
What is the relationship between fluency and silent reading?
There is no relationship, silent reading does not increase fluency but works well in other areas.
When should fluency be introduced?
Fluency should be introduced when students are able to recognize high frequency words and have decoding skills.
How should fluency by introduced?
- direct explanation of accuracy pacing and prosody
- teacher models fluent reading
- teacher/student analysis of fluent reading
- student fluency practice
What are the strategies for teaching students fluency?
- guidance
- practice
- feedback
How does “guidance” relate to fluency instruction?
- pre-teach vocabulary
- model fluent reading
- support student reading
How does “practice” relate to fluency instruction?
- student reads with support
- timed readings
- repeated readings
- Reader’s theater
How does “feedback” relate to fluency instruction?
-discuss progress of fluency attainment
