Domain D

Question 1

the dependent variable is the __________

Answer 1

target behavior / behavior of interest

Question 2

the independent variable is the __________

Answer 2

treatment/intervention

think: IV=intervention

Question 3

extent to which an experiment strongly shows that changes in behavior are a direct result of the independent variable

Answer 3

internal validity

Question 4

extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other settings, behaviors, or subjects

Answer 4

external validity

Question 5

is internal or external validity more important?

Answer 5

internal is a priority over external validity

Question 6

When the way a study was designed, conducted, and analyzed gives a trustworthy answer to the research question

Answer 6

internal validity

Question 7

can only be assessed by replicating the study

Answer 7

external validity

Question 8

2 major types of scientific replication:

1. Direct Replication
2. Systematic Replication

explain each

Answer 8

Direct replication has 2 types:
-Intrasubject direct replication= exact replication of a study, including participants used. (which strengthens reliability of a functional relation)

-Intersubject direct replication= exact replication of study, but different participants

Systematic Replication= Researchers intentionally change one or more features of a prior experiment (e.g. participant demographics, settings, aspects of IV or DV)

Question 9

when unknown or unintended variables have uncontrolled influence on a study; extraneous variables, confounding variables

Answer 9

threats to internal validity
(extraneous=environment; every aspect of the environment must be controlled, confounding=factors you have no CONtrol over

Question 10

Measurement confounds, independent variable confounds, subject confounds, and setting confounds are __________

Answer 10

threats to internal validity

Question 11

any aspect of the environment other than the IV that must be held constant to prevent unplanned environmental variation

e.g. lighting, room temperature, noise level

Answer 11

extraneous variables

Question 12

any uncontrolled factor (extraneous variable) known or suspected to influence the DV that is unexpected, not considered in planning, or unable to be controlled for

things an experimenter cannot control e.g. parents fought in car on the way to school; client didn’t sleep well

Answer 12

confounding variables

Question 13

threats to internal validity

Answer 13

measurement confounds
-observer drift
-observer bias/expectations
-reactivity

independent variable (IV) confounds=anything that may muddle effects of the IV. more likely to occur when IVs are complicated

subject confounds= participant related variables that may muddle results;
-maturation=growth
-history=environment/world
-attrition=reduction in size of participant group; client turnover
-practice effects= during baseline bx improvement resulting from the opportunity to practice
-adaptation=reduction in responding due to repeated presentations
-warm-up effects= during baseline responding tends to be weaker at first

setting confounds= uncontrolled variables in tx setting
-bootleg reinforcement= reinforcement that is accessed without meeting the response requirements of the contingency ; aka reinforcement that isn’t part of the treatment

Question 14

Anything that may muddle measurement of outcomes therefore the internal validity of an experiment; observer drift, reactivity, observer bias/expectations

Answer 14

measurement confounds

Question 15

Any participant-related variables that may muddle results of a study; maturation, history, attrition, practice effects, adaptation, warm-up effects

Answer 15

subject confounds

Question 16

Anything that may muddle effects of the independent variable

Answer 16

Independent variable confounds

Question 17

Uncontrolled variables in the treatment setting that could impact the outcome of a study

Answer 17

setting confounds

Question 18

specific arrangement of conditions in a study, created to compare relevant relations/effects of the presence, absence, or change in values of the IV; comparing how interventions impact behavior

Answer 18

experimental design

Question 19

when a predicted change in behavior (DV) is reliably produced by systematically manipulating the environmen (IV)

Answer 19

experimental control

Question 20

used to detect a reliable and convincing functional relation between DV and IV

Answer 20

analysis

Question 21

behavior changes when and only when the IV is introduced

Answer 21

functional relation

Question 22

1. Research Question
2. Participants
3. DV
4. Setting
5. measurement and analysis of results
6. IV
7. Experiment

Answer 22

components of an experimental design

Question 23

a type of experimental design in which each individual participant serves as their own control and the effects of treatment are compared to the participant’s own baseline data

Answer 23

single-case experimental design (SCD)

Question 24

1. Data collection- must be accurate and reliable
2. Controlling setting events- identify extraneous variables that may have effect on behavior
3. Ongoing visual inspection and analysis- to make predictions about future of target behavior and see whether treatment is working; inspect level trend, variability

Answer 24

defining features of single-case experimental designs (SCD)

Question 25

patterns of baseline data 1. descending baseline -for acquiring a skill= -for a bx= 2. ascending baseline -for acquiring a skill= -for a bx= 3. variable baseline 4. stable baseline

Answer 25

1. descending baseline -for acquiring a skill= implement IV immediately -for a bx=wait to implement IV because behavior is already improving 2. ascending baseline -for acquiring a skill= it's already improving, wait to implement IV because it will be difficult to attribute progress to the IV -for a bx= implement IV immediately 3. variable baseline= variability means there are uncontrolled environmental variables. wait it out. the uncontrolled sources of variability must be controlled prior to starting the IV. 4. stable baseline= when DV values fall within a small range ; good time to introduce IV, because this is the best way to look at effects of IV on DV.

Question 26

pattern of target behavior responding with minor variations over a period of time

Answer 26

steady state responding

Question 27

a deliberate process in experimentation where DV is repeatedly exposed to IV while controlling for and or eliminatingany extraneous influences on DV, and achieving a stable pattern of responding prior to moving on to another condition

Answer 27

Steady state responding

Question 28

the experimental reasoning inherent in single-case experimental designs

Answer 28

baseline logic

Question 29

3 parts of baseline logic ________=once a steady trend or stable data have been established, prediction is the projection that the data path will remain unchanging if current conditions persist. _________ = effectiveness of the IV is demonstrated if the DV returns to baseline level when the IV has been removed ; shows that IV controls DV; verifies prediction _________= reproducing the treatment results in outcomes similar to previous treatment conditions ; shows reliability & believability replication

Answer 29

1. Prediction 2. Verification 3. Replication

Question 30

An experimental design that assigns participants to experimental and control groups. Experimenter pretests both group, apply IV, and compares data from both groups.

Answer 30

Group designs

Question 31

_______ -represents individual performance -predicts and controls for individual bx -shows variability within and between participants -explores generality of bx principles -useful for intrasubject replication _______ -good for large scale evaluations -can compare 2+ interventions -looks at changes across extended time -looks at prevalence of specific disorders -saves time -cons: not ideal for behavior analytic research because: it doesn’t look at individual participant data, doesn’t look at variability between different individual performance, doesn’t look at behavioral processes, doesn’t have intrasubject replication

Answer 31

Strengths of single case experimental designs vs Strengths of group designs

Question 32

When _________, ask the following questions: -is there a reliable functional relation between DV and IV? -do data represent valid and accurate measures of the target behavior? -Does the graphic display look appropriately scaled? -Does the target behavior appear stable during each phase of the experiment? -were baseline conditions appropriate given the target behavior, setting, and research question? -is the experimental design appropriate given the research question and were elements of baseline logic obtained? -Does the study control for confounding variables? -is the study socially significant? -Are there any possible errors? -is there a strong interobserver agreement? -is the independent variable socially valid? -Was the improvement, socially valid to the participant and or the important people in their lives? -Have the improvements been generalized and maintained? -Was maintenance and generalization reported? -Does the study compare to any other similar studies? -Does the study contribute to the advancement of the field?

Answer 32

evaluating quality of research/interpreting single case designs

Question 33

A single case design used to demonstrate the effects of an independent variable by systematically introducing and withdrawing the independent variable and observing the changes in the target behavior

Answer 33

Reversal design

Question 34

When the effects of treatment cannot be undone and a behavior cannot return to baseline level of responding when the independent variable is removed E.g. some behaviors can’t be unlearned, such as reading or riding a scooter

Answer 34

Irreversibility

Answer 35

Baseline logic for reversal design

Answer 36

5 reversal design variations

Question 37

An experimental design in which 2+ IVs are presented in rapidly alternating succession and the differential effects of the IVs with baseline; functional analysis; compares IVs to see which is best

Answer 37

Multi element design

Question 38

In an experimental design that requires implementation of more than one independent variable to one participant, the outcome of one treatment may be influenced by the effect of another

Answer 38

Multiple treatment interference

Answer 39

Variations of multi element design

Question 40

Experimental design in which the effect of one IV is measured and evaluated within and across combinations of 2+ participants, behaviors, or settings

Answer 40

Multiple baseline design

Answer 41

Baseline logic for multiple baseline design

Answer 42

Baseline logic for repeated reversal design

Answer 43

Multiple baseline subtypes

Answer 44

Weaker variations of multiple baseline design

Answer 45

Changing criterion design

Answer 46

Comparative analysis

Answer 47

Component analysis

Answer 48

Parametric analysis

Answer 49

Nonparemtteic analysis

Answer 50

Ethical considerations in research