6th Year Gastro MJ > dpd key > Flashcards

dpd key Flashcards

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1
Q

A 75 y/o man presents w/ epigastric pain + back pain. HR: 130 bpm. BP: 80/50 mmHg. What is the most likely diagnosis?
1. Peptic ulcer

  1. Pancreatitis
  2. Gastritis
  3. GORD
  4. Ruptured aortic aneurysm
A

Ruptured aortic aneurysm due to the hypotension + back pain

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of abdominal pain?

A 
Constant = inflammation
Colicky = obstruction
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3
Q

What are the DDx for diffuse abdominal pain? (x 5)

A
  1. Obstruction - pt may present w/ N+V and tinkling bowel sounds due to faecal impaction
  2. Infection: peritonitis, gastroenteritis
  3. Inflammation: IBD
  4. Ischaemia: mesenteric ischaemia (post-prandial pain)
  5. Medical: DKA (check glucose, bicarb, VBG - Tx: fluids, insulin, potassium); Addison’s (fall in cortisol); Hypercalcaemia; porphyria (acute abdo pain + muscle weakness); lead poisoning
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4
Q

What are the DDx for epigastric pain? (x 5 broad categories)

A
  1. Stomach: peptic ulcer (NSAID overuse –> inhibits COX1 –> decreases gastrin –> decreases GI barrier properties); GORD; Gastritis; malignancy
  2. Pancreas: acute/chronic pancreatitis
  3. Heart: MI
  4. Aorta: ruptured aortic aneurysm
  5. Liver/gallbladder: cholecystitis, hepatitis
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5
Q

What is the definitive Ix for acute and chronic pancreatitis?

A

Acute: serum amylase will be increased
Chronic: faecal elastase will be decreased; serum amylase may be normal

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6
Q

What is the presentation of acute pancreatitis?

A

Pain, increased serum amylase + alcohol Hx

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7
Q

What is the presentation of chronic pancreatitis?

A

Pain, weight loss
Loss of exocrine function - steatorrhoea (pale stool that is difficult to flush)
Loss of endocrine function - diabetes
Normal amylase
Decreased feacal elastase - stool sample for Ix

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8
Q

What are the DDx for RUQ pain? (x 6 broad categories)

A
  1. Gallbladder: cholecystitis, cholangitis (infection of bile duct - jaundice, fever, rigor), gallstones
  2. Liver: Hepatitis, abscess
  3. Lungs: basal pneumonia
  4. Appendix: appendicitis (esp. in pregnant women), retrocaecal appendix (going up and backwards + is inflamed)
  5. Stomach, pancreas: peptic/duodenal ulcer, pancreatitis
  6. Kidney: pyelonephritis (pain when tapping on renal angle)
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9
Q

What are the DDx for RIF pain? (x 2 broad categories)

A
  1. GI: appendicitis, mesenteric adenitis, colitis (IBD), IBS, malignancy
  2. Gynaecological: ovarian cyst rupture, twist, bleed; salpingitis (= inflammation of Fallopian tubes); ectopic pregnancy
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10
Q

What are the DDx for suprapubic pain? (x 3)

A
  1. Cystitis
  2. Urinary retention
  3. UTI
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11
Q

What are the DDx for LIF pain? (x 2 broad categories)

A
  1. GI: Diverticulitis (note how this is only more likely on LHS not RHS); colitis (IBD, ischaemic colitis); malignancy; faecal impaction
  2. Gynaecological: ovarian cyst rupture, twist, bleed; ectopic pregnancy
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12
Q

Blockage of which artery causes ischaemia in the stomach/spleen/liver/gallbladder/duodenum?

A

coeliac artery

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13
Q

Blockage of which artery causes bowel ischaemia in the small intestine + right colon?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

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14
Q

A pt comes in w/ severe abdominal pain + signs of shock. Abdo exam is normal. What is the most likely Dx? (dNTK)

A

Acute mesenteric ischaemia: this is classic triad of severe abdo pain, normal abdo exam + shock. Caused by obstruction of superior mesenteric artery

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15
Q

A pt comes in w/ poorly localised, colicky, post-prandial abdo pain; PR bleeding + weight loss. On abdo X-ray, a gassless abdomen is seen w/ thickening of bowel wall. What is the most likely diagnosis? (dNTK)

A

Chronic mesenteric ischaemia

Causes: low flow state e.g. HF, atherosclerotic disease. Obstruction of superior mesenteric artery

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16
Q

A 65 y/o man w/ an AAA repair 2 days ago presents w/ diffuse abdominal pain. HR: 120 bpm and RR: 30. What are his blood tests likely to show?

  1. Normal lactate
  2. High amylase
  3. High bicarbonate
  4. High sodium
  5. High calcium
A

-High amylase - this is a feature of ANY cause of acute abdo pain (not just pancreatitis)
-Lactate will likely be high due to acidosis (high lactate indicates poor perfusion + ischaemia)
-Bicarbonate likely to be low due to acidosis
Sodium won’t usually be high, only observed in DI

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17
Q

A 55 y/o presents w/ confusion, abdo pain + abdo distension. SHx: Excess EtOH use. PMHx: cirrhosis. O/E: Ascites, liver flap. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Decompensated liver disease = classic triad of jaundice, encephalopathy + ascites

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18
Q

Which of the following is consistent w/ spontaneous bacterial peritonitis?

  1. Ascites neut > 25 cell/mm^3
  2. Ascites neut > 50 cell/mm^3
  3. Ascites neut > 100 cell/mm^3
  4. Ascites neut > 250 cell/mm^3
  5. Ascites neut > 500 cell/mm^3
A

Ascites neut > 250 cell/mm^3

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19
Q

What are the causes of abdominal distension (5 F’s)?

A
  • Fluid (ascites) - shifting dullness, features of liver disease (A to J)
  • Flatus (due to obstruction) - N&V, bowels not opening, high-pitched tinkling sounds, adhesions, tender irreducible femoral hernia in groin
  • Fat
  • Faeces
  • Foetus
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20
Q

What is the name and causes of ascites w/ low protein level?

A

Transudate

Causes: cirrhosis, cardiac failure, nephrotic syndrome i.e. The failures

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21
Q

What is the name and causes of ascites w/ high protein level?

A

Exudate

Causes: infection (TB, pyogenic), malignancy, Budd-Chiari syndrome

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22
Q

A serum-ascites albumin gradient result has come out as < 11g/L, what does this indicate + what could the causes be?

A

Serum ascites albumin gradient = serum albumin - ascitic albumin. If it is < 11 g/L this suggests that the ascitic albumin is high therefore it is exudative. Causes are: TB, pancreatitis, cancer + peritonitis
N.B. Nephrotic syndrome is an important exception to this because it also has a low SAAG because of the hypoalbuminaemia so there is low serum albumin. (IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER)

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23
Q

A serum-ascites albumin gradient result has come out as > 11g/L, what does this indicate + what could the causes be?

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A

> 11 g/L suggests that the serum albumin is high and suggests the ascitic fluid is transudative. Causes include: chronic liver disease, portal HTN, constrictive pericarditis, cardiac failure (acute, chronic), cirrohsis (decreased albumin production)

24
Q

A 50y/o man presents w/ jaundice, RUQ pain, dark urine + pale stool. What is the cause of his pale stool?
1. Low bilirubin

  1. High unconjugated Br
  2. High conjugated Br
  3. Low stercobilinogen
  4. Low urobilinogen
Study These Flashcards
A

Low stercobilinogen - this is because in an obstruction there is less Br in bile so less stercobilinogen hence pale stools (Br is conjugated in liver and secreted in bile)
Dark urine due to conjugated Br - found in hepatic or post-hepatic cause

25
What can the causes of jaundice be classified into?
Pre-hepatic Hepatic Post-hepatic
26
What is the pathophysiology of pre-hepatic jaundice + give examples of causes?
Haemolysis - Haem broken down to form bilirubin in the spleen Gilbert's syndrome - defective conjugation in the liver due to lack of glucoronidation so Br not being conjugated at all
27
What is the pathophysiology of hepatic jaundice + give examples of causes?
- Hepatitis - alcohol, autoimmune, drugs, viruses - Conjugated BR (which is water soluble) leaks out of hepatocytes and into the blood which causes dark urine. LFTs: raised ALT/AST
28
What is the pathophysiology of post-hepatic jaundice + give examples of causes?
- Common bile duct (CBD) obstruction from gallstone, stricture, pancreatic cancer (head) causing dark urine + pale stools - Obstruction causes decrease in BR in bile which causes decrease in stercobilinogen hence pale stools LFTs: raised ALT/AST, ALP (obstruction) and GGT (obstruction)
29
A 50 y/o man presents w/ painless jaundice, weight loss, dark urine + pale stools. O/E: Trousseau's sign of malignancy. Which is most likely to be elevated in his blood test? 1. ALP, CA 19 9 2. AST, CA 125 3. ALP, alfa-fetoprotein 4. ALT, alfa-fetoprotein 5. ALP, CEA
ALP, CA 19 9 This is most likely to be cancer of head of pancreas given the Hx and examination findings. In post-hepatic jaundice there is a raised ALP + GGT CA 19 9 is tumour marker for pancreatic cancer CA 125 = ovarian cancer CEA = colorectal cancer alfa-fetoprotein (aFP) = liver cancer, testicular (non-seminoma) cancer
30
What is Trousseau's sign of malignancy?
Migratory thrombophlebitis; paraneoplastic feature of pancreatic cancer. Not to be confused with Trousseau's sign of hypocalcaemia (= spasm of hand/arm when BP cuff inflated and occludes brachial artery)
31
What is bloody diarrhoea due to?
Loss of epithelial integrity
32
What are the 5 most common causative organisms of infective colitis causing bloody diarrhoea?
CHESS Campylobacter Haemorrhagic E coli Entamoeba histolytica Salmonella Shigella
33
What are the DDx of bloody diarrhoea? (x 5)
1. Infective colitis (CHESS organisms) 2. Inflammatory colitis (IBD) - young, extra-GI manifestations: episcleritis, scleritis, uveitis + erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum) 3. Ischaemic colitis - elderly 4. Diverticulitis 5. Malignancy
34
What does thumbprinting on an AXR indicate?
Mucosal oedema - inflammation in the bowel wall e.g. IBD
35
What does a featureless colon on an AXR indicate?
Leadpipe - feature of IBD
36
How does a toxic megacolon present on AXR + clinically?
``` Dilatation of large bowel (> 6 cm) Systemically unwell (tachycardia, hypotensive, fever) ```
37
A 80 y/o patient presents w/ diarrhoea and confusion. AXR shows a fluffy, homogenous image. What is the most likely Dx?
Faecal impaction/loading | Overflow diarrhoea is not what it seems!
38
What is the Tx of an acute GI bleed?
1. ABCDE 2. IV access: fluids, G&S, X-match 3. OGD - find underlying cause
39
What is the Tx of a variceal bleed?
1. Antibiotics e.g. broad-spectrum Tazocin to treat any bacterial translocation 2. Terlipressin - causes splanchnic vasoconstriction
40
What are the Ix of acute abdo?
1. Bloods: FBC (WBC); U&Es (renal function, dehydration); LFTs (pancreatitis, cholangitis, cholecystitis); CRP (marker of infection + inflammation); clotting (measured pre-operative) G&S; X-match 2. Erect CXR or CT: look for pneumoperitoneum (= air under the diaphragm)
41
What is the management of an acute abdomen?
Think 3 A's! 1. NBM + NG tube 2. Fluids 3. Analgesic 4. Anti-emetics e.g. ondansetron 5. Antibiotics - over anaerobes e.g. cef + metronidazole 6. Monitor vitals + Urine output
42
A patient presents w/ jaundice. What are the Ix?
1. Bloods: FBC - Hb?; LFTs: BR, ALP& AST if post-hepatic; CRP 2. Abdo USS: gallstones better visualised after a fast due to distended, bile-filled gallbladder. Look for duct dilatation
43
A patient presents w/ dysphagia + weight loss. What are the Ix?
1. OGD | 2. Biopsy
44
A pt presents w/ PR bleed + weight loss. What are the Ix?
colonoscopy
45
What is the management of ascites?
1. Ascites tap: measure WCC to check for SBP - if present, Abx 2. Diuretics (spironolactone and/or furosemide) - add furosemide if peripheral oedema. Spironolactone needed because cirrhosis causes vasodilation which causes secondary hyperaldosteronism 3. Dietary Na+ restriction if hyponatraemic 4. Monitor weight daily 5. Therapeutic paracentesis (removing ascites) but must replace IV human albumin
46
What is the management of encephalopathy?
1. Lactulose - osmotic laxative so decreases gut transit time i.e. bacteria don't have enough time to make toxic metabolites 2. Phosphate enemas - saline laxative so increases fluid in small intestine 3. Avoid sedation e.g. benzodiazepines 4. Treat underlying cause of decompensation of chronic liver disease i.e. jaundice, encephalopathy, ascites
47
What urea levels would an alcoholic with chronic liver disease have and what is a significant value of it?
They may have a low urea of 1. If they have urea of 7, this may not be abnormal for people w/o CLD but for patients w/ CLD this is significant because the urea is increased due to protein meal e.g. digesting GI bleed
48
A pt had surgery 2 days ago but the site wound is now erythematous and has discharge. What is the most likely post-operative care complication seen here?
Wound infection
49
A pt had surgery 1 week ago but is now presenting w/ diffuse abdo tenderness, guarding and rigidity. HR: 110 bpm. BP: 90/60. What is the most likely post-operative care complication seen here?
Diffuse ado tenderness due to peritonitis, guarding + rigidity. hypotensive/tachycardia all lead to anastomotic leak
50
A pt recently had an appendectomy but is now presenting w/ pain, fever, sweats + mucus diarhoea. What is the most likely post-operative care complication seen here?
pelvic abscess
51
A pt presents w/ a tender, red swelling near the anus. What is the most likely Dx and what is the Tx?
Perianal abscess | Tx: incision, drainage
52
A pt presents w/ rectal pain that is worse on defecation. The stool is coated w/ blood but isn't mixed in. The diet is described to be heavily read-meal based. What is the most likely diagnosis? What is the Tx?
Anal fissure | Tx: GTN cream (analgesia) and lifestyle advice
53
A pt presents w/ recurrent abdominal pain and sense of bloating. This improves w/ defecation. There is no PR bleed, anaemia or weight loss. What is the most likely Dx?
Irritable bowel syndrome This is a diagnosis of exclusion - no nocturnal symptoms seen in IBD + exclude coeliac disease (measure anti-tTG). There may be a change in frequency/form of stool i.e. may be diarrhoea-predominant IBS or constipation-predominant IBS
54
What is the Tx for IBS?
Diet + lifestyle modification | Symptomatic treatment: abdo pain - antispasmodics; constipation - laxatives; diarrhoea - antidiarrhoeal e.g. loperamide
55
A 26 y/o woman has intermittent loose stool for the last 3 months on a bg of IBS. She is otherwise well, no abdo pain, no vomiting, no wght loss. Abdo SNT, bowel sounds normal. Temp: 37.1, HR: 64 bpm; BP 114/76mmHg, RR 14 breaths/min + O2 sats 100% on air. What is the most appropriate medication to prescribe? 1. Cyclizine 50mg PO 2. Hyoscine Butylbromide 20mg PO 3. Lactulose 15ml PO 4. Loperamide 2mg PO 5. Metoclopramide 10mg PO
loperamide
56
A 54 y/o man has epigastric pain for 2 months. The pain started after he sustained a sporting injury, for which he took ibuprofen. His physical examination is normal. His temperature is 37.3 degrees, HR 78 bpm, BP 136/76 and RR 14 bpm. O2 sats 100% on air. Upper GI endoscopy: small gastric ulcer w/ a smooth rounded edge, appears benign, H. pylori test negative. What is the most appropriate medication to prescribe? 1. Amoxicillin 2. Cyclizine 3. Diclofenac 4. Metronidazole 5. Omeprazole
Omeprazole
6th Year Gastro MJ
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