development of children’s drawings:
- scribbling stage (2-3yrs)
- preschematic stage(3-4yrs, tadpoles, 1 attempt of ppl)
- schematic stage: (5-6yrs, develop a schema… detail)
- realistic stage: (9yrs, hobby, details)
- period of indecision (hobby or not?)
clinical value of children’s drawings
- projective measures (IQ, Psychological wellbeing, sexual abuse)
- verbal communication
projective measures intelligence:
florence goodenough (draw a person test)
research suggests the test can differentiate between groups - but isn’t good at identifying individual cases
projective measures to assess psychological wellbeing…
no studies have shown ability of raters (draw a person test/ kinetic family) to differentiate between drawings of well adjusted children and those whoa re not well adjusted
projective measures: sexual abuse
difficulties in diagnosing sexual abuse
can researchers use projective measures to distinguish between abused/ not abused children?
no - they are yet to find a consistent pattern of graphic indicators that can distinguish those
verbal communication aid
draw and tell vs just tell groups - info was just as accurate…
children as witnesses…
memory: context dependent, language competence (age 4-5 children have capacity to provide forensically relevant information)
verbal reports
suggestibility (cognitive vs socially driven)
tell me about sesame street…
Ball & Bogatz
- improved writing test/ alphabet w more watching
- decreased racial stereotypes
- disadvantaged kids learnt as much/ more than advantaged kids
- benefits increased for 3-5 yrs
- sesame street most effective
Violence on TV
- boys committed increased violent acts than girls
- increased violent acts for ‘violent’ condition
long term:
- boys who liked violent tv at 8 committed more serious crime at 30 (correlation does not = causation)
Videogames - potential benefits
- therapeutic/ education for kids w chronic illnesses
- may impose fine motor skills
- improve decision making skills/ brain plasticity
Anderson & Dill - videogames experiment
- women tend to deliver longer blasts
- increased APQ scores = longer blasts than decreased APQ scores
- thoses who played violent games increased blasts - even when other variables controlled for
imaginary friends
- more common in girls and 1st born children
- 2-4 yrs of age
Dr Spock - historical views…
Dr Spock - created a stigma - need to ‘find out what is lacking’
characteristics of ICs
Majorie Taylor
- most IC are children
- 16% based on real ppl
- magic powers
- human traits
- 3% enemies
why do children develop ICs?
- scapegoats/ protectors
- overcome fears/ anxieties
- surrogate for real things
what theory is highly supported for ICs
compensatory theory
(compensates for other things)
social/ cognitive ability for children w ICs
- better at communicating w adults
- score higher on verbal tests
- more developed theory of mind at 4 yrs
= at younger ages children tend to have ICs that have the same perspective as them and as they get older their IC have dif perspective
no firmly established link between ICs and
IQ and Creativity
some think children who have IC are out of touch with reality
evidence for: Boudin & Pratt
evidence against: Taylor et al
what happens to ICs
- not spoken about/ gradually vanish
- replaced with new IC
- more real friends
- parents take control
how common are attachment objects
peak at age 2
why do children develop attachment to objects?
- transitional objects (gap between you and the world)
- easing passage between sleep & waking
- substitute for primary caregiver
advantages of attachment objects:
- reduce stress
- facilitate expoloration
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Child Development23
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social/ moral/ emotional development13
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gender development14
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Drawings/IC/ attachment objects etc24
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psychopathology sum / Anxiety17
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Depressive Disorder10
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Psychotic Disorders - schizophrenia spectrum16
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Bipolar/ Eating/ Substance Use Disorders15
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Disorders that originate in childhood14
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Personality Disorders18
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language - intro36
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language part 216
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problem solving/ decision making12
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Interrelation of Thought and Language22
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Intelligence19
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social psyc 124
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Social psyc 215
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attribution23
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social influence8
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Zimbardo Stanford Prison Study11
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Milgram8
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prejudice8
