Driver Performance Characteristics

Question 1

The ability to see fine details of an object..

Answer 1

Visual Acuity

Question 2

The driver’s ability to identify an object when both the object and the driver are stationary

Answer 2

Static Visual Acuity

Question 3

The ability of the driver to clearly detect relatively moving objects not necessarily in his/her direct line of vision

Answer 3

Dynamic Visual Acuity

Question 4

The ability of a person to see objects beyond the cone of cleared vision

Answer 4

Peripheral Vision

Question 5

The ability to differentiate one color from another.

Answer 5

Color Vision

Question 6

Deficiency of color vision.

Answer 6

Color Blindness

Question 7

A discomfort in the eye and depression of central vision produced when a bright light enters the field of vision. also may results in a decrease of visibility.

Answer 7

Glare

Question 8

Occurs when a relatively bright light appears in the driver’s field of vision.

Answer 8

Direct Glare

Question 9

Occurs when the image reflected by the relatively bright light appears in the field of vision.

Answer 9

Specular Glare

Question 10

The eye’s ability to regain normal vision after being exposed to a bright light or glare.

Answer 10

Glare Recovery

Question 11

The ability of a driver/person to estimate speed and distance. It is the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions (3D) and to judge the distance between objects accurately

Answer 11

Depth Perception

Question 12

The sensation of bodily position, presence, or movement that results primarily from stimulation of sensory receptors in muscles, tendons, and joints.

Answer 12

kinesthesia gyud Kinesthetic (Movement)

Question 13

An appreciation of ___ is essential to proper highway design and operation.

Answer 13

driver performance

Question 14

The suitability of a design rests as much on how __ and ___drivers are able to use, the highway.

Answer 14

safely adnd efficiently

Question 15

One problem forced by the traffic and transportation engineers in designing is the varying ___ and ___ of drivers on the highway.

Answer 15

skills and perceptual abilities

Question 16

A driver’s decisions and actions depend principally on information received through the ___

Answer 16

senses

Question 17

in general order of importance

Answer 17

1.visual ( sight )
2. kinesthetic ( movement)
3. vestibular ( equilibrium )
4. auditory ( hearing )

Question 18

Visual information may come to a driver by means of __ or ___

Answer 18

foveal or peripheral vision

Question 18

___vision is the central vision of the eye.

Answer 18

Foveal

Question 18

In foveal vision, images are concentrated in a small area of the eye near the center of the ___ at which visual perception is most acute.

Answer 18

retina

Question 19

At a given moment a person’s sharpest vision is concentrated within a cone with a central angle of about ___

Answer 19

3°

Question 20

For most persons, ___ is reasonably sharp within a conical angle up to about 10°.

Answer 20

visual acuity

Question 21

is the clearness or sharpness of vision.

It is the ability of the eye to see details and distinguish objects clearly.

In driving, visual acuity is needed to:

Read road signs.

Detect hazards.

Recognize vehicles, pedestrians, and road markings.

Answer 21

visual acuity

Question 22

A person with normal vision can perceive peripheral objects within a cone having a central angle ranging up to about __

Answer 22

160°

Question 23

___ declines and the field of vision narrows with the advancing age, especially when lighting conditions are poor.

Answer 23

Visual acuity

Question 24

The rods and cones (film) of the retina are the receptors which record the image and transmit it through the ___ to the brain for interpretation.

Answer 24

optic nerve

Question 25

The___ or (aperture) is the opening at the center of the iris.

Answer 25

pupil

Question 25

Light passes through the ___ (the transparent window on the front of the eye) and then through the lens to focus on the retina.

Answer 25

cornea

Question 25

The size of the __ is adjusted to control the amount of light entering the eye.

Answer 25

pupil

Question 26

Cones function well in ___ and are sensitive to __

Answer 26

bright light, colors

Question 27

Each cone cell has a direct neuron connection which allows you to detect fine detail. The cones, however, do not function well in ____, which explains why you cannot see color and detail as vividly at night as you can during the day.

Answer 27

darkness

Question 28

The rods, which are concentrated outside the foveal area, react to low light but not to colors. It is estimated that, after adapting to darkness, the rods are ___ times more sensitive to light than the cones, which make them the primary receptors for night vision.

Answer 28

10,000

Question 29

Since the rods are not located directly behind the pupil, they also are responsible for much of your ___

Answer 29

peripheral vision

Question 30

The area where the optic nerve is formed on the retina contains no cones or rods, creating a ____ in vision.

Answer 30

blind spot

Question 31

Normally, each eye compensates for the other's blind spot. The concentration of cones in the fovea can make a night blind spot at the center of your vision. To see an object clearly at night, you must expose the rods to the image. This is accomplished by looking ___off center of the object.

Answer 31

5° to 10°

Question 32

The receipt of stimuli by the eye is the most important source of information.

Answer 32

Visual Perception

Question 33

Principal Characteristics of the Eye

Answer 33

Visual Acuity Peripheral Vision Color Vision Glare Vision and Recovery Depth Perception

Question 34

Situations on Dynamic Visual Acuity:

Answer 34

Driver moving and object stationary Driver stationary and object moving Driver moving and object moving

Question 35

Factors affecting peripheral vision:

Answer 35

Speed of driver Age of driver

Question 35

IN static visual acuity Factors affecting Visual Acuity:

Answer 35

Background brightness Contrast Time (between 0.50 – 1 sec)

Question 36

cone of peripheral vision is

Answer 36

160°

Question 37

Clear Vision: at a conical angle of

Answer 37

3° to 5°

Question 38

Blurred Vision: greater than

Answer 38

12°

Question 38

Fairly Clear Vision: at a conical angle of

Answer 38

10° to 12°

Question 39

Lateral or longitudinal accelerations exert forces on the driver that are transmitted by the seats, steering wheel, brake pedal, arm rest, and so forth. Proprioceptors in the muscles and joints are stimulated by the tendency of the body to move and shift as a result of the forces. This provides feedback that may cause a driver to___, or take some other action."

Answer 39

brake, slow down

Question 40

Driver also receives messages from the ___ within the ___. in the ____inner ear enable a person to recognize the direction of movement and maintain balance or equilibrium. Movement of the head or body causes the fluid in the canals to move, affecting delicate fibrous cells located at one end of each of the canals."

Answer 40

vestibular nerve, inner ear, Three fluid-filled semicircular canals

Question 41

Impulses from the __ are transmitted to the brain, which then sends messages to the muscles to maintain ___. The ___ and ___senses provide a driver with important information about forces related to changes of direction, steering, braking, vibrations, and the stability of the vehicle.

Answer 41

vestibular nerve,balance,kinesthetic,vestibular

Question 42

Sounds of horns or skidding tires may alert a driver to an impending collision, and engine noise aids the driver as well as pedestrians in judging vehicle speeds. When traveling along a curve or turning at an intersection, the driver may detect tire noises and elect to slow down due to these audible cues."

Answer 42

AUDITORY (HEARING).

Question 43

Factors causing Driver errors:

Answer 43

Driver (personal) Vehicle Roadway Traffic Factors

Question 44

Factors affecting driver's ability:

Answer 44

Age Influence of Alcohol Fatigue Time of day Health

Question 44

Drivers may detect a fire or engine malfunction by their sense of __

Answer 44

smell,

Question 45

"Driving maneuvers causing crash frequencies":

Answer 45

Making left turns across traffic Merging with high-speed traffic Changing lanes on congested streets Stopping quickly for queued traffic Crossing high volume intersection Parking

Question 46

– clear “window” in front → first lets light in.

Answer 46

Cornea Think: “C” for clear cover.

Question 47

bends/focuses light onto retina.

Answer 47

Lens – Think: camera lens focuses picture.

Question 47

hole in the middle → controls how much light enters.

Answer 47

Pupil – Think: “P” for Passage of light.

Question 48

screen at the back of the eye with receptors.

Answer 48

Retina – Think: R = Recording screen.

Question 49

see black & white, dim light (night vision).

Answer 49

Rods – Think: “Rod = Road at night.”

Question 50

see color, bright light (day vision).

Answer 50

Cones – Think: “Cone = Colorful ice cream cone.”

Question 51

center spot of retina, full of cones → sharpest vision.

Answer 51

Fovea – Think: “Fovea = Focus point.”

Question 51

cable carrying signals to the brain.

Answer 51

Optic Nerve – Think: “Nerve = Netflix cable to brain.”

Question 52

Drivers receive information by____, the sensation of bodily position, presence, or movement that results primarily from stimulation of sensory receptors in muscles, tendons, and joints. Lateral or longitudinal accelerations exert forces on the driver that are transmitted by the seats, steering wheel, brake pedal, arm rest, and so forth. Proprioceptors in the muscles and joints are stimulated by the tendency of the body to move and shift as a result of the forces. This provides feedback that may cause a driver to brake, slow down, or take some other action.

Answer 52

kinesthesia,

Question 53

,___, ___, or __ may cause drivers to change their trip pattern or stop. They also occasionally receive information through sensory nerve endings in the head, skin, and internal organs and experience sensations of touch, coldness, warmth, fatigue, or pain."

Answer 53

Hunger,thirst,discomfort