Dynamic Dev

Question 1

Define development

Answer 1

Improvement of living standards through the better use of resources in a way that is sustainable.

Question 2

How can countries be classified based of development?

Answer 2

AC (advanced country) - wealthy countries with a wide range of jobs and services
EDC (emerging developing country) - countries transitioning from LIDCs to ACs, some variety in jobs and services
LIDC (low income developing country) - poor countries with narrow range of jobs and services

Question 3

What is the North and South divide?

Answer 3

A divide used in the 1980s to show the difference in development between the North and the South. Marked by the brandt line.

Question 4

What are BRICs and MINTs?

Answer 4

BRICs - Brazil, Russia, India, China: countries with fast growing economies
MINTs - Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey: countries following closely behind BRICs

Question 5

What is the global distribution of ACs, LIDCs and EDCs?

Answer 5

ACs - West Europe, North America, Oceania (e.g. UK, Japan, Australia, USA, Canada)
EDCs - Central and South America, Asia, North and South Africa (e.g. Russia, Brazil, Argentina, South Africa, China)
LIDSs - central Africa, South East Asia (e.g. Ethiopia, Madagascar, Sudan, South Sudan, Zambia)

Question 6

How can you measure development economically?

Answer 6

GDP per capita at PPP - average wealth per person taking into account how much money can buy

Question 7

How can you measure development socially?

Answer 7

Life expectancy - how long a person is expected to live for (gives an indication to quality of healthcare)
Adult literacy rate - percentage of population that are able to read (gives an indication to the quality of education)

Question 8

What is a problem with using wealth to measure development?

Answer 8

Only takes into account an average - some people are much richer and some people are much poorer.
Not all wealth is included in GNI

Question 9

What is the HDI scale?

Answer 9

Human development index. It uses economic and social factors to measure development. Uses literacy rate, GDP per capita and life expectancy. It’s on a scale from 0 to 1 where a higher number is better.

Question 10

What are some geographical features that affect development?

Answer 10

Population - the higher the population, the easier it is to develop as more money is brought into the country
Climate - a warm, moist climate is better for crops to grow in
Land - flat, fertile land is better to grow crops and to build on
Natural resources - materials like coal, minerals and oils can be used or sold/traded

Question 11

Define colonialism

Answer 11

When a large, powerful country takes control of a smaller less powerful country and makes use of their land, people and resources

Question 12

What was the triangular trade and how did it affect development?

Answer 12

Trade between West Europe, West Africa and the Carribean/North America. Europe sent textiles, rum and manufactured goods to Africa who sent slaves to America. America sent sugar, tobacco and cotton to Europe. Helped Europe develop but slowed development in colonies.

Question 13

What are some statistics for countries affected by the triangular slave trade?

Answer 13

UK: GNI/capita - £37,000, life expectancy - 80, HDI - 0.9
Nigeria: GNI/capita - £5,000, life expectancy - 54, HDI - 0.5
Jamaica: GNI/capita - £7,000, life expectancy - 71, HDI - 0.7

Question 14

Define debt

Answer 14

When money is owed to someone else

Question 15

How many African countries are in debt and how many are in surplus?

Answer 15

19 in debt
5 in surplus

Question 16

What is debt relief?

Answer 16

Total or partial cancellation of debt owed by LIDCs

Question 17

Define trade

Answer 17

Buying and selling of goods or services

Question 18

What is the issue with TNCs controlling trade?

Answer 18

Even though they operate in LIDCs, the money they make often goes back to the country where the TNC is based. This makes it harder for LIDCs to develop

Question 19

Define political unrest

Answer 19

Violence or protest because people are unhappy with the government

Question 20

What are possible causes of political unrest?

Answer 20

*
Social inequality
*
High taxes
*
Corrupt government

Question 21

Define civil war

Answer 21

Two groups within the same country fighting each other

Question 22

List some stable countries and some countries with more than 100,000 deaths due to civil war in the 21st century

Answer 22

Stable:
*
UK
*
France
*
Canada
Unstable:
*
Sudan
*
Syria
*
Mexico

Question 23

Where is Zambia located?

Answer 23

Southern Africa.
It’s land-locked and some of its borders include Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania

Question 24

Why does being land-locked disadvantage Zambia?

Answer 24

It has no direct access to ports making trade harder

Question 25

Describe a brief history of Zambia

Answer 25

It was colonised by the UK in 1888. It gained independence in 1964 and was renamed Zambia. It has had an unstable economy since and has mainly relied on copper

Question 26

List some key facts about Zambia

Answer 26

Population: 14.5 million GNI/capita: $3070 Economic growth rate: 6.5% per year Life expectancy: 52 HDI and rank: 0.43, 164/187 Main export and %: copper, 65% Main export partner: China

Question 27

What are some steps forward and some steps backwards that Zambia have taken in terms of economic growth?

Answer 27

Forwards: * Construction of the Kariba Dam * Gaining independence * Rising copper prices in 2000 Backwards: * Falling copper prices in 1970 * Falling badly into debt in 1990 * Most power and wealth was in the hands of the Europeans even after them gaining independence

Question 28

What are the stages of the Rostow model and where are Zambia?

Answer 28

* Traditional society * Pre-conditions for take off * Take off * Drive to maturity * High mass consumption Zambia are at economic take off stage.

Question 29

What are the 8 MDGs?

Answer 29

* Halve extreme poverty and hunger * Promote gender equality * Achieve primary education * Improve maternal health * Reduce infant mortality rate * Establish trade partnerships * Combat HIV/Aids and other diseases * Ensure environmental sustainability

Question 30

Which MDGs have Zambia met and not met?

Answer 30

Met: * Primary education * Trade partnerships * Reducing infant mortality rate Not met: * Extreme poverty and hunger * HIV/Aids

Question 31

What is the issue with Zambia mainly relying on copper as an export?

Answer 31

If copper prices become unstable, Zambia's economy also becomes unstable

Question 32

What are some investments that China have made in Zambia?

Answer 32

* Tazara railway * China non-ferrous metals corporation

Question 33

Describe how TNCs operate in Zambia

Answer 33

Main TNC is ABF (associated British foods). They own many food and drink companies and operate in nearly 50 countries. Their main company in Zambia is Zambia Sugar. They mainly operate in Mazabuka and they provide free healthcare and education for employees. Advantages of TNCs: * Exploit natural materials * Create job opportunities Disadvantages: * Tax evasion * Pollute and damage environment

Question 34

Describe how aid is used in Zambia

Answer 34

Sdvantages of aid: * Rebalance global inequality * Repayment from ACs after colonisation Disadvantages: * LIDCs have to rely on other countries * Could be given to a corrupt government An example of aid in Zambia is Water Aid Zambia received $6.5 billion from IMF to pay off debt. It helped to take control of the HIV/Aids epidemic and lowered school fees

Question 35

What is a top down strategy?

Answer 35

Funded and carried out mainly by the government and large organisations like the World Bank. It included very little involvement from locals. Advantages: * Expert machinery is provided and used * Can happen on a bigger scale Disadvantages: * Locals have very little say so might not get what they want/need * Expensive so might go into debt * Not many jobs for locals * Country might be forced into external control

Question 36

What is a bottom up strategy?

Answer 36

Funded and carried out by local communities and NGOs. Advantages: * Locals get a job and a voice * Cheaper * Less environmental damage Disadvantage: * Small scale * Might not be carried out systematically

Question 37

How should Zambia try and develop further?

Answer 37

They should continue to try and meet the MDGs. They should keep working with NGOs like Room to Read