What are the economic aspects of development? [3]
- An increase in the total goods and services a country produces
- Wealth
- Industrialisation
- Use of technology(dominant development sector)
What are the social aspects of development? [3]
- Improvement in human welfare
- Healthcare quality
- Standard of living
- Access to clean water, food
What are the environmental aspects of development? [1]
Advancement in management or protection of the environment(reducing pollution, increasing recycling
What are the sustainable aspects of development? [1]
Should meet people’s needs in the future, not just now
How can countries be classified?
- ACs; countries with a range of jobs and services
- EDCs; countries transitioning between LIDCs and ACs
- LIDCs; countries with a narrow range of jobs and services
What is the global distribution of ACs, EDCs, and LIDCs?
- Generally, EDCs are found in SA and most of Asia
- LIDCs are found in Sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia
- ACs are found in Europe, Oceania, and North America
What are the economic measures of development? [2]
- GNI per capita is a good average measure of wealth but doesn’t account for inequality
- Employment type; The proportion of population working in each sector can give a good idea of how developed a country’s economy is.
What are the social measures of development? [2]
- Literacy rate(% O15s who can read/write) shows the quality and accessibility of education in a country
- Mortality Rate(per 1000 per year) shows the quality and accessibility of healthcare in a country
Why is measuring wealth alone bad?
It does not take into account inequality of a country and income distribution.
Why is IHDI a good way of measuring development? [3]
- It measures wealth by GNI/capita at PPP so it is adjusted to take into account the cost of living
- It measures health by life expectancy to show the overall quality of healthcare
- It measures education by adult literacy rate and % of children in education, so it gets a large demographic of numerous ages and timeframes.
Very balanced and multifaceted.
Give one example of how a way of measuring development illustrates the consequences of uneven development.
Richer countries like Qatar have low life expectancies and poorer countries have poor social care.
What physical factors affect uneven development? [3]
- Poor climates reduces crop growth, so less food produced=more malnutrition + less crops to sell. Affects QoL
- Landlocked countries struggle with imports and exports of foods, so there is less money to spend on development.
- Countries with fewer natural resources have less products to sell so make less money to spend on development.
- Poor terrain means less crop growth, and same as above.
What human factors have led to uneven development? [3]
- Conflict can reduce development as there is less money to spend on development as more is going to arms. Also have to spend money repairing damages, and increase death rates and damage to infrastructure.
- Colonisation exploits natural resources of LIDCs, reducing their ability to earn money for development.
- Debt; LIDCs borrowing money will have to pay it back(likely with interest), so will not be able to spend on development.
- Trade; LIDCs may have less involvement in trade links so they are less able to make money.
- Aid; some countries receive more than others, through TNCs, so they can increase development while others struggle.
What factors make it hard for countries to break out of poverty? [3]
- Political unrest; corrupt governments can hoard money and take it away from areas that need it like healthcare and education, hindering social development. They also make investment less likely due to political turmoil.
- Debt can cause countries to be unable to spend on development, and get stuck in a cycle of debt.
- Trade; A lot of profit from TNCs in LIDCs doesn’t go to the country, but back to the TNC’s country. Also, export of primary products is less profitable than manufactured goods so they don’t have enough money to produce these goods.
What is Ethiopia’s GDP per capita?
$925 per capita; 171/182 countries
How has population and society changed in Ethiopia? [3]
- Life expectancy has risen from 38 to 65 in 2015, so there is less strain of death on families
- Has over 100m people post-2017 with median age of 18; young and educated workforce to boost the economy for future.
- Govt. has to make 1m jobs a year to keep up with rising population; Not gonna happen.
How has technology influenced Ethiopia? [2]
- 1% of people can access the internet
- Telecoms and trains owned by government, so there are lower levels of investment.
- Institute has released 3000 crop varieties and livestock breeds, reducing pest and disease damage, particularly with coffee as an example of this.
- No credit cards, so no access to international banking.
How has politics influenced Ethiopia? [3]
- Very bad political situation in the ’80s and human rights issues caused 200k extra deaths in the 83-85 famine. 400k died in the famine alone.
- Band Aid raised $100million but it was put into war 6 months later
- Tensions with Eritrea reduced the chance of cross-border trade
- GDP growth rate declined 2%
How has physical landscape influenced Ethiopia? [3]
- Landlocked; reduced ability to export and trade
- Close to the equator, so 75% of country suffers from malaria
- Gold and Gemstones account for 1% of the economy
Where is Ethiopia on the DTM? Why? [4]
Transitioning between stage 1 and 2; around preconditions for takeoff.
- It is starting to diversify economy and 24% of industry comes from trade, but 72% of people still work in agriculture.
- TNCs starting to invest, with $1.5bil investment in 2015
- Huaijan Group investing $2 million over the next decade
- H&M using supppliers in Ethiopia, employing 4,000 people.
Has Ethiopia achieved its millennium development goals?
- UN estimates 6/8 on an upward trend; universal primary education(Goal 2) is almost 100% and people living in poverty fell to 23% in 2015(Goal 1). Child mortality has decreased by 2/3rds since 1990(Goal 4). 40% of seats in the House of Representatives are now women(Goal 3).
- No; still struggling to deal with gender inequality and 22.6m still in poverty.
How has Ethiopia’s wider social, political, and environmental context affected it? [3]
- Political: Ethiopia is still not a free country and opposition politicians have been arrested in the past years(ranked 103/168 for corruption). State of emergency introduced in 2016 to reduce media freedom.
- Social: estimated 186m by 2050; a lot of pressure on the country then.
- Environmental: flooding is detrimental due to many waterborne diseases affecting Ethiopia, and could lose up to 1.5mil tonnes of crop production. heavy rain and flooding loses 1.5billion tonnes of fertile soil ec year.
What are the problems and benefits of TNCs in Ethiopia? [6]
BENEFITS:
- Hilton Hotels brought 1000 jobs in Addis Ababa
- Afriflora providing environmental sustainability concepts to reduce pollution.
- Bringing much needed money into economy, particularly local.
- General Electric have invested in delivering rail links in Ethiopia
PROBLEMS:
- Often the jobs are highly skilled and don’t employ locals; they bring their own employees
- People cutting corners on safety and pollution for profit
- TNCs accused of exploiting and underpaying workers, not benefiting them.
What are the problems and benefits of aid in Ethiopia?
(remember IMF $141mil forgiven debt stat) [6]
BENEFITS:
- Saves lives in times of need
- Can rebuild livelihoods and housing
- Agricultural aid can increase food production
PROBLEMS:
- Makes countries dependent on aid and can sometimes become a debt.
- Corrupt politicians may exploit aid for political gain or their own means
- Often small-scale and don’t benefit the wider population.
