(E) 101-200

Question 1

101. Florence test (for choline) - Iodine, potassium iodide (+) Dark brown rhombic crystals
102. Barbiero’s test (for spermine) - Picric acid, trichloroacetic acid (+) Yellow leaf-shaped crystals
103. Tuberculous pleuritic: Adenosine deaminase (ADA) 40 U/L or greater

Answer 1

104. Dark green amniotic fluid: Meconium
105. Dark red brown amniotic fluid: Fetal death

Question 2

106. Inserted through the nose: Levin tube
107. Inserted through the mouth: Rehfuss tube

Answer 2

108. Normal stool pH: pH 7 to 8
109. Stool pH in carbohydrate disorders: pH to below 5.5
110. Calibration of centrifuge: Every 3 months
111. Disinfection of centrifuge: Weekly basis

Question 3

112. In vivo and in vitro anticoagulant (natural anticoagulant)- Heparin
113. CD 34 – marker for hematopoietic stem cells
114. Hemoglobin synthesis: Polychromatophilic normoblast to reticulocyte

Answer 3

115. Generates ATP: Embden-Meyerhof pathway
116. Generates 2,3-DPG: Rapoport-Leubering pathway

Question 4

117. Study of antibody structure: Gerald Edelman, Rodney Porter
118. Antibody diversity: Susumu Tonegawa

Answer 4

119. Papain fragmentation (3 fragments) = 2Fab + Fc
120. Pepsin fragmentation (2 fragments) = F(ab)2 + Fc’

Question 5

121. Natural killer cells: CD 16 and CD56 (NK cells are part of the innate immunity)
122. Cook carrier of typhoid: Mary Mallon
123. Most common congenital immunodeficiency: selective IgA deficiency

Answer 5

124. Diluted household bleach prepared daily inactivates HBV: 10 minutes
125. Diluted household bleach prepared daily inactivates HIV: 2 minutes
126. Anti-A1 lectin: Dolichos biflorus
127. Anti-H lectin: Ulex europaeus

Question 6

128. Lewis antigens are adsorbed from plasma onto the RBC membrane
129. Kidd system antibody reactivity is enhanced with enzymes, LISS, and PEG

Answer 6

130. Used to dilute blood components: Isotonic (0.9%) saline or 5% albumin
131. Preparation of leukopoor RBCs: Centrifugation, filtration, saline-washing

Question 7

132. Primary advantage of gel technology: Standardization
133. Removal of nicks: Honing (heel to toe direction)
134. Removal of burrs: Stropping (toe to heel direction)

Answer 7

135. Newcomer’s fixative: Nuclear and histochemical fixative
136. Fixative for tissue photography: Mercurial fixatives
137. Fixative for small tissue fragments: Picric acid (yellow color to locate tissues easier)

Question 8

138. Air-filled lungs may float on fixative: Organ may be covered with several gauze to maintain it under surface

Answer 8

139. Fixation of hollow organs (stomach, intestines): Packed with cotton soaked in fixative or completely opened before being immersed in adequate fixing solution
140. Decalcification: Done after fixation and before impregnation

Question 9

141. Optimum temp for decalcification: Room temperature range 18 to 30C
142. Decalcifying agent that contains HCl: von Ebner’s (HCl, NaCl, distilled water)
143. Embedding medium for electron microscopy: Plastic medium
144. Double embedding (ICEP): Infiltrated with celloidin then embedded with paraffin

Answer 9

145. Barr bodies, XX chromosomes: Most of the nuclei of females exhibit conglomeration of chromatin, demonstrated in the smears from buccal or vaginal mucosa
146. Administrative investigation: Done by at least 2 members of the board and 1 legal officer

Question 10

147. Revocation: Unanimous vote (3 of 3)
148. Suspension: Majority vote (2 of 3)
149. STAT, STATIM: Immediately
150. ASAP: As soon as possible (Henry)

Answer 10

151. HEMATOMA: NEVER PERFORM VENIPUNCTURE through a hematoma. If there is no alternative site, PERFORM THE VENIPUNCTURE DISTAL TO THE HEMATOMA to ensure the collection of free-flowing blood.

Question 11

152. VOLUMETRIC PIPETTE: Calibrated to deliver accurately a fixed volume of a DILUTE AQUEOUS SOLUTION, bulb near the center of the pipette
153. OSTWALD-FOLIN PIPETTES: Used for accurate measurement of VISCOUS FLUIDS, such as blood or serum; similar to volumetric pipettes but have the bulb closer to the delivery tip

Answer 11

154. MOHR PIPETTE: Calibrated between two marks on the stem
155. SEROLOGIC PIPETTE: Graduated marks down to the tip

Question 12

156. When a solute is dissolved in a solvent, these COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES change in a predictable manner for each osmole of substance present:

FREEZING POINT IS LOWERED by −1.86°C
VAPOR PRESSURE IS LOWERED by 0.3 mm Hg or torr
OSMOTIC PRESSURE IS INCREASED by a factor of 1.7 × 104 mm Hg or torr
BOILING POINT IS RAISED by 0.52°C

Answer 12

157. SIX SIGMA STEPS (DMAIC)

DEFINE project goal or other deliverable that is critical to quality.
MEASURE baseline performance and related variables.
ANALYZE data using statistics and graphs to identify and quantify root cause.
IMPROVE performance by developing and implementing a solution.
CONTROL factors related to the improvement, verify impact, validate benefits, and monitor over time.

Question 13

158. FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL: Best indication of overall glucose homeostasis

Answer 13

159. Over activity of the thyroid gland: Hyperthyroidism causing THYROTOXICOSIS
160. Underactivity of the thyroid gland: Hypothyroidism causing MYXEDEMA

Question 14

161. Highest elevations of ALP: Paget disease
162. Increased production of cortisol: Cushing’s syndrome
163. Increased production of aldosterone: Conn’s syndrome

Answer 14

164. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP): Diagnostic tool for HEART FAILURE
165. PUMPING FIST DURING VENIPUNCTURE: ↑ K+, lactic acid, Ca2+, phosphorus; ↓ pH
166. TOURNIQUET > 1 MINUTE: ↑ K+, total protein, lactic acid
167. HEMOLYSIS: ↑ K+, Mg2+, phosphorus, LD, AST, iron, ammonia

Question 15

168. Of all the urine sediment elements, RBCs are the most difficult for students to recognize: Reasons for this include RBCs’ lack of characteristic structures, variations in size, and close resemblance to other urine sediment constituents. RBCs are frequently confused with yeast cells, oil droplets, and air bubbles

Answer 15

169. RBC CASTS ARE EASILY DETECTED: UNDER LPO BY THEIR ORANGE-RED COLOR

Question 16

170. Crystals are formed by the PRECIPITATION OF URINE SOLUTES, including inorganic salts, organic compounds, and medications (iatrogenic compounds): Precipitation is subject to changes in temperature (solutes precipitate more readily at low temperatures), solute concentration, and pH, which affect solubility

Answer 16

171. SYNOVIAL FLUID NORMAL CELL COUNT: Red blood cell count <2,000 μL; white blood cell count <200 μL

Question 17

172. HIPPURATE HYDROLYSIS TEST: Most frequently used in the identification of Gardnerella vaginalis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Campylobacter jejuni, and Listeria monocytogenes

Answer 17

173. D-ZONE TEST: Detects the presence of this CLINDAMYCIN-INDUCIBLE RESISTANCE

Question 18

174. M PROTEIN BINDS BETA GLOBULIN FACTOR H, a regulatory protein of the alternate complement pathway involved in the degradation of C3b; it also binds to fibrinogen blocking complement alternate pathway activation

Answer 18

175. EHEC/VTEC/STEC: Produces a toxin similar to Shiga toxin produced by Shigella dysenteriae; SHIGA-LIKE TOXIN

Question 19

176. UREASE (RAPID): Differentiates Alcaligenes faecalis (urease negative) from Bordetella bronchiseptica (urease positive)

Answer 19

177. ETHANOL SHOCK TECHNIQUE: CLOSTRIDIAL ENDOSPORES may be resistant to ethanol, and after ethyl alcohol treatment, the spores will germinate upon inoculation and proper incubation on anaerobic blood agar in anaerobic conditions

Question 20

178. SULFUR GRANULES: Diagnostic for an infection with ACTINOMYCES
179. MEASLES: SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS

Answer 20

180. SCOLEX: Tapeworm specialized structure for attachment

Question 21

181. LIFESPAN OF TAPEWORMS

H. NANA: Perhaps many years as a result of autoinfection
H. DIMINUTA, D. CANINUM: Usually less than 1 year
D. LATUM, T. SAGINATA, T. SOLIUM: UP TO 25 YEARS

Answer 21

182. G. LAMBLIA: Organism is found most commonly in the crypts in the duodenum; associated with steatorrhea and malabsorption syndrome
183. MODIFIED AFB: WEAKER DECOLORIZER, DECOLORIZER in modified acid-fast stains is usually 1% sulfuric acid (weak acid) rather than the stronger acid alcohol used in the routine AFB stains.

Question 22

184. MICROFILARIA

Wuchereria bancrofti: Sheathed, nuclei absent in tail
Brugia malayi: Sheathed, tail with 2 separate nuclei
Loa loa: Sheathed, nuclei continuous up to the tip of the tail
Onchocerca volvulus: Unsheathed, nuclei absent in tail
Dipetalonema perstans: Unsheathed, nuclei continuous up to the tip of the tail
Mansonella ozzardi: Unsheathed, nuclei absent in tail

Answer 22

185. SITUATION AND APPROPRIATE COURSE OF ACTION

Intravenous (IV) fluid: Use opposite arm or perform fingerstick, if possible; otherwise, have nurse turn off IV for 2 minutes, apply tourniquet below IV, use different vein (if possible). Document location of IV and venipuncture, type of fluid.
FISTULA: Draw from opposite arm.
INDWELLING LINES AND CATHETERS, HEPARIN LOCKS:Usually not drawn by lab. FIRST 5 mL DRAWN SHOULD BE DISCARDED. Lab may draw below heparin lock if nothing is being infused.
SCLEROSED VEINS: Select another site.
HEMATOMA: Draw below.
EDEMA: Select another site.
SCARS, BURNS, TATTOOS: Select another site.
MASTECTOMY: Draw from opposite arm.
UNIDENTIFIED PATIENT: Ask nurse to ID before drawing.

Question 23

186. COMPELETE BLOOD COUNT (CBC) or HEMOGRAM: Includes enumeration of cellular elements, quantitation of hemoglobin, and statistical analyses that provide a snapshot of cell appearances

Answer 23

187. HEPCIDIN: Hormone produced by hepatocytes to REGULATE BODY IRON LEVELS, particularly absorption of iron in the intestine and release of iron from macrophages

Question 24

188. MYELOPEROXIDASE (MPO): Detects myelocytic cells by staining cytoplasmic granular contents
189. SUDAN BLACK B (SBB): Detects myelocytic cells by staining cytoplasmic granular contents

Answer 24

190. PERIODIC ACID–SCHIFF (PAS): Detects lymphocytic cells and certain abnormal erythrocytic cells by staining of cytoplasmic glycogen

Question 25

191. ESTERASES: Distinguish myelocytic from monocytic maturation stages (several esterase substrates) 192. TARTRATE-RESISTANT ACID PHOSPHATASE: Detects tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase granules in hairy cell leukemia

Answer 25

193. DENDRITIC CELLS: Most potent phagocytic cell, most effective at antigen presentation 194. MORTALITY: DEATH resulting from disease 195. MORBIDITY: State of disease and its associated effects on the host

Question 26

196. ENDOGENOUS PIGMENTS: Produced within the tissue HEMATOGENOUS (blood-derived): Hemosiderin, hemoglobin, bile pigment and porphyrin NON-HEMATOGENOUS: melanin, lipofuscin and chromaffin ENDOGENOUS MINERALS: calcium, iron and copper

Answer 26

197. EXOGENOUS PIGMENTS Tattoos, asbestos, carbon, silica, iron and silver CARBON is the most common exogenous pigment (chronic smokers)

Question 27

198. ARTEFACT PIGMENTS FORMALIN: dark brown or black crystal-like precipitates especially in postmortem and blood-containing tissues; removed by saturated alcoholic picric acid MERCURY: black, brown or grayish black granules or clumps in tissue; removed with alcoholic iodine solution OSMIC ACID: black deposits on tissues which have not been properly washed out; removed by bleaching CHROME DEPOSITS: fine brown or black granules; removed with the use of acid alcohol

Answer 27

199. FIRST CLINICAL LABORATORY IN THE PHILIPPINES: MANILA PUBLIC HEALTH LABORATORY at Quiricada Street, Sta. Cruz, Manila 200. Formally organized the Manila Public Health Laboratory: Dr, Pio de Roda, Dr. Mariano Icasiano