- formal genre of writing
- one is expected to use strict
style, registers, and formats - commonly used for textbooks, essays, research paper, book report, academic journal, in classroom and any other discipline related to academic.
ACADEMIC TEXT
dignified stance in writing as a member of the academic community where the language use requires precision
FORMALITY
- main emphasis should be on the information that one wants to give and the arguments one wants to make, rather than oneself.
- the thoughts and beliefs should be based on lectures, reading, discussion and research.
OBJECTIVITY
uses appropriate signposting strategies which allow readers to trace the relationship of various parts in the study.
EXPLICITNESS
shortened passage which retains the essential information of the original text, thus without using value judgments.
SUMMARY
needed to avoid sweeping generalizations because an academic writing requires care since knowledge is built from proven theories and concepts.
CAUTION
This is also known as time, sequence, or temporal order. This structure is organized from one point in time to another.
- first, next, later, and finally
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
the internal organization of a text.
TEXT STRUCTURE
Presents a problem and shows how it can be or has been solved. This has always have solutions, while cause and effect does not.
- problem, solution, solve, effect, hopeful, and so forth
PROBLEM AND SOLUTION
Explains reasons why something happened or the effects of something.
- cause, effect, as a result, consequently, because
CAUSE AND EFFECT
Divide the notepaper into two columns. On the left-hand side, write the main points, in the right-hand column write down important explanations or details about the main point.
THE CORNELL METHOD
Pertains to how or two or more ideas or items are similar or different.
- like, similar, unlike, on the other hand, also, and too
COMPARE AND CONTRAST
Shows what an item or place is like.
- next to, on top of, beside, below that, above that, to the right of
DESCRIPTION
summarizing texts require adequate understanding of the experimental methods and discussions. Some articles usually the report follows the order; purpose, method, results and conclusion.
SUMMARIZING AN EXPERIMENTAL REPORT
One needs to follow the author’s main line of reasoning, spot his arguments, identify the counterarguments he puts forward to refute another argument, differentiate between main ideas, and evidence provided to support or refute arguments.
SUMMARIZING ARGUMENTATIVE / THEORETICAL TEXT
Make sure the summary is:
have included the author’s major ideas, assertions and findings.
COMPREHENSIVE
Make sure the summary is:
did not misinterpret the author’s ideas through own words or paraphrasing.
ACCURATE
Make sure the summary is:
did not include own evaluation or comments as being fair and objective.
NEUTRAL
Make sure the summary is:
A person who has not read the source text can understand what have been written as a summary.
INDEPENDENT
the primary point of the reading is conveyed indirectly, in multiple locations throughout the work; you can create it based on your understanding
IMPLICIT THESIS STATEMENT
included as a sentence part of the text
EXPLICIT THESIS STATEMENT
organize notes and ideas by arranging them using numbers or letters
OUTLINING
a brief outline using keywords. under the heading are several words served as sub-topics that will be discussed in the paper.
TOPIC OUTLINE
the topic for each paragraph is written in sentence form instead of keywords.
SENTENCE OUTLINE
