Early Adulthood: Cognitive Development

Question 1

What are the approaches for cognitive development in early adulthood?

Answer 1

Stage approach, The psychometric approach (standardized tests, GRE, LSAT, memory test), Information processing approach (brain operates like a computer)

Question 2

What are types of intelligence?

Answer 2

IQ scores, crystallized intelligence (doing tasks, reading comprehension), and fluid intelligence (abstract reasoning)

Question 3

According to Piaget, young adults are more __________ advanced.

Answer 3

Quantitatively

Question 4

What does formal operational thought refer to?

Answer 4

Real world experience and work

Teaches lifeskills

Question 5

Young adults shift from dualistic thinking to what type of thinking?

Answer 5

Reflective and relativistic thinking

Question 6

What is the proposed adult stage of cognitive development following Piaget’s fourth?

Answer 6

Postformal

Question 7

What is the stage that goes beyond adolescent thinking by being more practical, flexible, and dialectical?

Answer 7

Postformal thought

Question 8

How is young adult thinking characterized?

Answer 8

More personal, integrative and practical

Question 9

True or false, are young adults multi-contextual?

Answer 9

True

Question 10

The increasing complexity of cultures in the world indicates the changing of what?

Answer 10

The nature of knowledge

Question 11

What is the greatest influence of thinking for young adults?

Answer 11

Education

Question 12

True or false, Piaget considered postformal thought to be the final cognitive stage.

Answer 12

False he considered formal operations to be the final cognitive stage

Question 13

What does the formal operational stage state?

Answer 13

At what age do brain researchers report that the prefrontal cortex is finally developed?

Question 14

At what age is the prefrontal cortex finally developed?

Answer 14

20

Question 15

True or false, non-western cultures describe adult thought as qualitatively different from adolescent thought.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

What are characteristics of postformal thought?

Answer 16

Self-protective, complex, integrated, combining subjective and objective thought, consolidating emotions and logic.

Question 17

What abilities come with cognitive flexibility?

Answer 17

To be practical, to predict, to plan, to combine objective and subjective mental processes.

Question 18

What does cognitive flexibility look like?

Answer 18

Problem-solving, talking through problems with others, changing your mind once you made a mistake, behavioral changes.

Question 19

True or false: research on problem-solving abilities concludes that oldest adults are better problem solvers than both adolescents and emerging adults.

Answer 19

False, research says emerging adults are better.

Question 20

What is a stereotype threat?

Answer 20

A threat of being viewed through the lens of a negative stereotype, or fear of doing something that would inadvertently confirm the stereotype.

Question 21

How can cognitive flexibility look like regarding stereotypes?

Answer 21

Being able to change one’s childhood assumptions, meaning that younger adults hold less gender-stereotyped views.

Question 22

The ongoing awareness of pros and cons, advantages and disadvantages, and possibilities and limitations is what kind of thought?

Answer 22

Dialectical thought.

Question 23

What are the three stages of dialectical thought?

Answer 23

Thesis, antithesis, synthesis.

Question 24

True or false: Dialectical thought is more typical of middle-aged people than of younger or older adults.

Answer 24

True.

Question 25

What are the two stages of moral development that Piaget mentioned based on cognitive development?

Answer 25

Heteronomous and autonomous morality.

Question 26

Heteronomous morality is relevant to _____ children.

Answer 26

Younger (ages 4-7).

Question 27

Autonomous morality is relevant to _______ children.

Answer 27

Older (ages 10-12).

Question 28

_______ morality is based on relations of constraints.

Answer 28

Heteronomous.

Question 29

Rules are seen as inflexible requirements (moral realism) in _________ morality.

Answer 29

Heteronomous.

Question 30

Badness is judged in terms of the consequences in ________ morality.

Answer 30

Heteronomous.

Question 31

Punishment is seen as the automatic consequence of the violation of rules in _______ morality.

Answer 31

Heteronomous.

Question 32

_________ morality is based on relations of cooperation among equals.

Answer 32

Autonomous.

Question 33

Rules are viewed as products of mutual agreement (rational moral attitudes) in ______ morality.

Answer 33

Autonomous.

Question 34

Badness determines the person’s intentions in _________ morality.

Answer 34

Autonomous.

Question 35

Punishment should be affected by human intention in _________ morality.

Answer 35

Autonomous.

Question 36

Adult responsibilities, experiences, and education affect ___________ and ______________.

Answer 36

Moral reasoning; religious beliefs.

Question 37

Maturation of values appears first in ____________ and continues through middle age.

Answer 37

Emerging adulthood.

Question 38

What is a list of dilemmas that are relevant for emerging adults?

Answer 38

Sex, sexuality, reproduction, relationships, contraception, abortion, drugs, education, vocation.

Question 39

True or false: Scientists view the belief that college graduates seem to be not only healthier and wealthier as well as deeper and more flexible thinkers with suspicion.

Answer 39

True.

Question 40

What are the perspective changes that occur in the college context?

Answer 40

The fact that colleges and universities are designed to foster cognitive growth does not necessarily mean that they succeed.

Question 41

What are the perspective changes that occur in the student?

Answer 41

Students and social structures change over time.

Question 42

What are the perspective changes that occur in the institutions?

Answer 42

Current colleges offer more career programs and hire more part-time faculty.

Question 43

True or false: Evidence on cognition suggests that interactions with people of different backgrounds and various views lead to intellectual challenges and deeper thought.

Answer 43

True.

Question 44

Which cultural group has the most college completion and the least?

Answer 44

Asian Americans have the highest percentage while Native Americans have the least percentage.

Question 45

Describe the key characteristics of cognitive development in young adulthood (e.g. the Post-Formal Stage) and how it differs from cognitive development in Adolescence.

Answer 45

Self-protective, complex, integrated; more confident in our choices. MORE INFO NEEDED

Question 46

How does moral thinking of adults differ from that of children and adolescents?

Question 47

Be familiar with cognitive growth and higher education (e.g. graduates and dropouts, diversity enrollment)