easc 101 > EASC final > Flashcards

EASC final Flashcards

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1
Q

From earliest to latest, which of the following is the correct order of events in the formation of the Earth?

A

formation of accretionary disk, formation of planetesimals, differentiation, formation of Moon

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2
Q

Which layer of the Earth’s interior is completely molten?

A

outer core

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3
Q

What boundary dose the asteroid belt mark?

A

The asteroid belt marks the boundary between the rocky planets and the gas giants.

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4
Q

Which layer accounts for most of the volume of the Earth?

A

mantle

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5
Q

The leading hypothesis for the formation of our Moon states that it

A

was formed by the collision of the Earth with a protoplanet.

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6
Q

The process by which the Earth developed its layered interior is called

A

differentiation.

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7
Q

The geothermal gradient

A

refers to the rate of increase in temperature with increasing depth in the Earth.

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8
Q

The Moho is the boundary between the Earth’s…

A

crust and mantle

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9
Q

The earliest nebulae to form in the Universe were made almost entirely of..

A

hydrogen and helium

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10
Q

The Big Bang

A

began with all of the known Universe concentrated in an infinitesimally small point.

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11
Q

The apparent tendency of the north (or south) magnetic pole to vary in position over time is termed

A

poler wander

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12
Q

What is the name of the supercontinent

A

Pangaea

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13
Q

Did the Atlantic ocean exist during the time of this supercontinent (Pangaea)?

A

no

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14
Q

where do Earthquakes occur the most?

A

plate boundaries

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15
Q

What issues initially prevented widespread acceptance of Alfred Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis?

A

Wegener’s lack of a good mechanism to explain why the continents moved

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16
Q

characteristics of the lithosphere

A
  • mantle and crust
  • brittle
  • colder
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17
Q

characteristics of the asthenosphere

A
  • mantle only
  • ductile
  • warmer
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18
Q

how is the magnetic field recorded on the seafloor?

A

Changes in the Earth’s magnetic field are recorded in the solidifying magma during seafloor spreading.

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19
Q

What are the key proposals of the seafloor-spreading hypothesis?

A
  • Mid-ocean ridges are younger than the deeper parts of the ocean floor.
  • New seafloor forms at mid-ocean ridges.
  • Seafloor sinks back into the mantle along deep-sea trenches.
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20
Q

is the spreading rate faster in the Pacific or the Atlantic ocean?

A

spreading rate in the Pacific is faster than the spreading rate in the Atlantic.

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21
Q

The Himalayas are currently growing because at their location…

A

a continental plate is colliding with another continental plate.

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22
Q

what type of plate boundary, has deep and shallow earthquakes
,is recycling of old oceanic crust, has volcanic arcs

A

Convergent

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23
Q

what type of plate boundary, is making new oceanic crust, has shallow earthquakes and volcanic activity

A

Divergent

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24
Q

What type of plate boundary has earthquakes but no volcanic activity

A

Transform

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25
whats a rift?
plate boundaries that are moving away from each other
26
whats a collision?
plate boundaries that are pushing together
27
what made the Hawaiian islands?
A hot spot is currently situated under Hawaii, and the Pacific Plate is moving across it in a northwesterly direction.
28
what is slab pull?
Sinking lithosphere in a subduction zone gradually pulls the rest of the plate along behind it.
29
what is ridge push?
Gravity causes the elevated lithosphere of a mid-ocean ridge to push on the lithosphere that lies farther away.
30
what is Convection?
As the asthenosphere moves, it exerts a shearing force on the bases of overlying plates.
31
what is the rate of plate motion?
1 to 15 cm per year
32
The migration of atoms or molecules through a material is called...
diffusion.
33
Rocks that form at or near the Earth’s surface by the cementing of grains or precipitation from water are...
sedimentary.
34
minerals look and behave very differently. Why?
the atoms are arranged in different crystal structures
35
Why would brick not be considered a rock?
they where made by the people
36
used to study rocks in the field?
magnifying glass
37
what makes the rock cycle happen?
plate tectonics
38
what minerals are most abundant in the Earth's crust and mantle?
silicates
39
What is the prime characteristic that geologists use to separate minerals into classes?
chemical composition—specifically, the anions in the chemical formula
40
What is the term used for open holes in rock before they are filled in?
vesicles
41
will magma cool faster in as a thin or thick layer?
thin layer
42
minerals will crystallize in which order?
olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite
43
The presence of pillow basalt is evidence of...
a submarine eruption.
44
types of pyroclastic debris?
- ash - lapilli - blocks
45
what is more viscous than mafic magma?
A felsic or silicic magma
46
what is the difference between Intrusive and Extrusive?
Intrusive happens under the Earth's surface and Extrusive is on the Earth's surface
47
what is the difference between magma and lava
magma is intrusive and lava extrusive
48
Could you run away from a lava flow?
yes because lava flows vary slowly unless going down a slop
49
could you run away Pyroclastic flows?
NO! shit moves from 100 - 300 km/h
50
a vast area covered with thick succession of basalt flows is called?
large igneous province
51
A moving, glowing, descending cloud of hot ash and rock..
pyroclastic flow
52
a warning sign of imminent eruption?
earthquake activity
53
What causes the melting that provides the basalt lava extruded at mid-ocean ridges and along rifts?
decompression melting, where thinning crust and rising mantle reduces pressure and lowers the rocks melting point
54
Unlike mid-ocean ridges, some continental rift volcanoes also produce felsic pyroclastic debris. Why?
As basalt rises through continental crust, heat transfer partially melts the continental crust, creating a felsic magma
55
what happens when transgression occurs at a given location?
- the coastline migrates inland. - sea level rises. - a mud layer accumulates over a sand layer.
56
What transporting media can move sediment?
- water - ice - wind
57
What is the relationship between the velocity of a fluid and the size of the sediment that the fluid carries?
The faster a fluid flows, the larger the clasts it can carry.
58
mature sediments are typically...
further from their source and better sorted.
59
How dose pre-existing rock become clastic sedimentary rock
1. weathering 2. erosion 3. transportation 4. deposition 5. lithification
60
Sedimentary rock in order from coarsest to finest
1. conglomerate / breccia 2. sandstone 3. siltstone 4. shale / mudstone
61
what are Coral reefs that are preserved as sedimentary rocks are classified as?
limestone
62
Why does marble weather more readily than granite?
The rocks’ chemistry: granite has more silicate minerals that are resistant to weathering, whereas marble is primarily composed of calcium carbonate, which is subject to dissolution
63
Which chemical reaction breaks down feldspars into clay minerals?
hydrolysis
64
geologic settings: where dose hydrothermal take place?
mid-ocean ridge
65
what is geologic settings?
the physical and chemical environment of a region
66
geologic settings: where dose dynamo-thermal take place?
Mountain rang core
67
geologic settings: where dose burial take place?
10 miles below the surface
68
geologic settings: where dose dynamic take place?
Fault zone
69
geologic settings: where dose thermal take place?
intrusion of a pluton
70
geologic settings: where dose shock take place?
meteorite impact site
71
When a rock is subjected to compressional stress, the grains will...
elongate perpendicular to the direction of stress.
72
What is meant by the term metamorphic grade?
the intensity of metamorphism
73
Does a low-grade metamorphic rock have all the same minerals as a high-grade rock if they both form from the same protolith?
No, because neocrystallization produces new mineral assemblages that are stable at higher temperatures and pressures.
74
Why is the Carrera Marble so pure in color and homogeneity?
The limestone from which it came was composed of nearly pure calcite.
75
what is Recrystallization?
The shape and size of grains change without changing the identity of the mineral.
76
what is Pressure Solution?
Wet rock is squeezed and mineral grain edges dissolve, allowing ions to migrate and precipitate elsewhere.
77
What is the minimum temperature at which metamorphism can occur?
250°C darn thats hot
78
Why does the addition of heat cause metamorphic reactions to take place?
Heat causes atoms in minerals to vibrate rapidly, causing chemical bonds to break and form new ones with other atoms.
79
what is stress?
generated during orogeny can be different at various locations.
80
what is anticline?
an arch-shaped fold in the rock, the oldest rock is in the center. shaped like an A
81
what is a syncline?
downward-curving fold in rock layers where the youngest rocks are found in the center. looks like steps
82
what is a monocline?
gently dipping rock
83
what is shear strain?
horizontal strain in opposite directions, warping the rock.
84
what is stretching?
rock being pulled in opposite directions making the rock wider
85
what is shortening?
rock being compressed
86
How is a fault different from a joint?
Faults are fractures along which displacement has occurred; displacement does not occur along joints.
87
what is a craton?
an ancient and stable part of a continent's crust that has remained geologically unchanged for billions of years
88
A series of anticlines and synclines forms as a result of...
compression.
89
Are the youngest strata exposed on the ground in the center of a basin or in the center of a dome?
center of a basin
90
According to the principle of isostasy, tall mountains...
have deep roots
91
what faults have Vertical Movement
- normal fault - thrust fault - reverse fault
92
what fault has Horizontal Movement?
strike-slip fault
93
Is a normal fualt compression or extension?
extension
94
is a thust fualt compression or extension?
compression
95
what is a footwall?
its the part of the fault that looks like a foot
96
hanging wall
its the part of the fault that looks like you could hang something off of.
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