1
Q
nature and causes
A
- The infected bats transmit Ebola either directly to humans, or indirectly via secondary host
- fever, fatigue, muscle pain, headache, backache and sore throat, vomiting, diarrhoea, rash, renal failure and in some cases internal and external bleeding can occur.
- There is no specific treatment for Ebola.
2
Q
spatial distribution
A
- isolated to the African continent, with outbreaks occurring in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Nigeria
- some cases of imported ebola in Senegal, USA and Italy
3
Q
temporal distribution
A
- To date there have been a total of 26 human Ebola outbreaks between 1976 and 2017. resulting in more than 30,000 reported clinical presentation and 12,630 deaths
4
Q
magnitude
A
- Unprecedented magnitude of 28,616 suspected, probable, and confirmed cases reported in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone
5
Q
duration
A
- The 2014-2016 outbreak lasted two and a half years after the first case was discovered in 2014
6
Q
frequency
A
- There have been more than 25 known ebola outbreaks in Africa since the disease was first identified in Zaire in 1976
7
Q
probability
A
- The probability of contracting the virus is extremely high in specific countries in Africa when there is an outbreak
8
Q
scale of spatial impact
A
- The scale of spatial impact was mainly the countries in West Africa and very few places outside of Africa that had received a few cases
9
Q
physical factors affecting vulnerability
A
- countries with poorly performing economies
- rapidly expanding population growth
- inadequate public health systems
- poverty
- inadequate health infrastructure
- cultural practices
- limited education
- the country’s conflict history
- low availability of trained health pros
10
Q
human factor affecting vulnerability
A
- lack of literacy
- low education
- use of traditional healers over western healers
11
Q
risks to be managed
- loss of property/ life
A
- Infecting virus species
- Outbreak geography = the country, regions, size and location of the community where the first case resides, along with the proximity to transport networks
- Route of infection = important in determining course of disease and associated mortality
- Clinical symptoms
- Effectiveness of intervention = cases lowered as a result of implementation of more effective isolation and containment strategies
12
Q
risks to be managed
- infrastructure/ jobs/ economy
A
- Workforce was affected due to employees being sick or caring for family members
- Absenteeism at the workplace
- fall in wages, disruption of transport, closure of borders
- due to the 2014-2016 outbreak, the GDP fell between 2 to 4 percent for sierra leone, guinea and Liberia
- hardest hit industries include agriculture, services, construction, mining, tourism, transport
- gov had to redistribute expenditure to fund aid, development etc
13
Q
risks to be managed
- impact on physical and mental health
A
- Psychologically, ebola survivors face a future of fear, grief, stress and shame
- Individuals who survive ebola are often treated as social outcasts and are prohibited from returning to their homes
- There have been reported threats if violence and killings of survivors, health car workers and ebola educators, by the very community they were once part of
- traumatic memories resulting from witnessing disease symptoms and death
geography unit 1 +2
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