Primate Behavior 2 > Ecology > Flashcards

Ecology Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

what latitude range do most primates live in?

A
  • 10 degrees north and south of equator

- rarely dip into temperate zones

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2
Q

example of primate that lives in temperate zone

A
  • japanese macaque

- eats bark and pinecones because food is limited in the winter

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3
Q

squirrel monkey - distribution

A

-amazon
-central america
-costa rica
LARGE DISTRIBUTION

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4
Q

cotton topped tamarin - distribution

A

-north western Colombia

SMALL DISTRIBUTION

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5
Q

uakari - distribution

A

-lives on 2 sides of amazon
-Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela
LARGE DISTRIBUTION

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6
Q

baboon - distribution

A

-subsaharan Africa
-South Africa
-successful species
LARGE DISTRIBUTION

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7
Q

geleta and hamadryas baboon - distribution

A

-central eastern Africa

SMALL DISTRIBUTION

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8
Q

talapoin monkey - distribution

A

-central western Africa

SMALL DISTRIBUTION

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9
Q

chimpanzee - distribution

A

-central Africa
-equator/rainforest
SMALL DISTRIBUTION

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10
Q

golden-lion tamarin - distribution

A

-Brazil
-endangered
SMALL DISTRIBUTION

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11
Q

owl monkey - distribution

A

-south america

LARGE DISTRIBUTION

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12
Q

nocturnal or diurnal foraging activity - prosimians vs monkeys

A
  • prosimians: nocturnal

- monkeys: diurnal (except owl monkey - successful because there are no prosimians in south america)

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13
Q

Habitats with monkeys

A
  1. Rainforest
  2. Deciduous seasonal forest/temperate woodland
  3. Montane forest
  4. Grassland savannah/woodland mosaic-desert
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14
Q

rainforest habitat

-carrying capacity?

A
  • equator

- highest carrying capacity

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15
Q

montane forest

-which monkey?

A

-mountain gorilla

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16
Q

grassland savannah

  • which monkeys?
  • problem?
A
  • galago
  • macaques
  • vervet
  • hamadryas baboon
  • gelata baboon
  • *ground predator exposure
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17
Q

top canopy

-which monkey

A

-spider monkey

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18
Q

middle canopy

-which monkey

A

-capuchin (pushed intelligence to live here)

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19
Q

niches - categories

A
  • insectivores
  • sapivores
  • frugivores
  • folivores
  • opportunistic omnivores
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20
Q

insectivores

A

-smaller primates

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21
Q

sapivores

A
  • lemurs

- pygmy marmoset

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22
Q

frugivores

A
  • orangutan

- pretty much all monkeys like fruit

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23
Q

folivores

A
  • all primates

- especially spider monkey

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24
Q

opportunistic omnivore

A

-chimpanzees - predator for red colobus monkeys

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25
George Schaller (1963)
- primate and field ecology research | - mountain gorilla
26
percent of leaves in diet - graph
- x axis: body weight - y axis: percent of leaves in diet - galago-->tamarin-->macaque-->chimp-->gorilla
27
adaptations for vegetarianism - sportive lemur - langur/howler - colobus - gorilla
- sportive lemur: copophagia - langur/howler: elongated intestine - colobus: sacculated stomach - gorilla: long digestive tract
28
plant adaptations to limit consumption - new leaves? - sunlight? - monkey examples (5)
- chemicals that must be tolerated by monkeys - new leaves have more difficult to digest chemicals - sunlight can increase chemicals - howler monkey: can eat new leaves, red leaves and sun leaves - bamboo and gentle lemur - aye aye - coconuts and bark - tarsier can spin head 180 degrees - chimps and self-medication
29
extreme example of monkey adaptations to plant chemicals
- bamboo and gentle lemur - bamboo-cyanide - gentle lemur is a bamboo specialist; should be dead based on amount it consumes - 500 mg; 12x lethal dose
30
chimpanzees and self-medication
-eat certain plants to get rid of parasites
31
finding food in large groups
-food is predictable, clumped and abundant
32
finding food in small groups/solitarily
-food is unpredictable dispersed and sparse
33
K strategists
- primates have less offspring - want them to survive - stable and predictable - slow development - high offspring investment * *Larger primates
34
R strategists
- choose to adapt to world by having lots of children - high infant mortality - variable, unpredictable - low offspring investment * *marmosets and tamarins kind of
35
seasonal breeding
- common in monkeys | - births oriented to wet season when there is more food
36
carrying capacity
- fewer speices in fragmented forest compared to undisturbed forest - decreases with disturbance - south america blackwater forest
37
South American Blackwater forest
- low carrying capacity because of nutrient runoff into the water - the white water forests have a higher carrying capacity
38
What percent of monkey's diet is composed of leaves?
- 20% | - need special adaptations to eat more than that
39
different types of frugivores - good and bad things about them
- speed predators: reduce overabundance; destroy seeds | - seed dispersers: helpful to trees; don't get digested
40
extreme environments
- dry grassland - high altitude - harsh habitat - urban environment - ocean - rivers
41
monkeys that live in dry grassland + characteristics
- gelada baboon - forage grass and seeds during the day - sleep on rocks at night
42
monkeys that live in high altitude with snow and high seasonality
- japanese snow monkey | - golden monkeys in China - eat pinecones
43
monkeys that live in harsh habitats
- Sifaka - very sharp terrain; dry - tsingy nature reserve in northern madagascar
44
monkeys that live in urban environments
-India - live on the streets
45
monkey that lives in/near the ocean
-crab-eating macaque
46
monkey that lives in/near river
-proboscis monkey
47
squirrel monkey example about carrying capacity
- squirrel monkey dealer put too many monkeys on an island - number of squirrel monkeys decreased when it was expected to increase - carrying capacity was not big enough
48
what time of year do lemurs give birth during
-November to January
49
Sympatric Species vs Allopatric Speices
- sympatric: organisms evolve from the same ancestor into different species in the same location - allopatric: organisms evolve from similar ancestors into different species in different locations
50
example of sympatric species living together - number of speices studied - location - name of researcher - adaptations - type of distribution; food
- case study of 8 species in Suriname - tamarin, squirrel monkey - spider monkey - howler monkey - 2 species of saki - 2 species of capuchin - Russ Mittermier; Raleighvallen Voltzberg - vertical and horizontal distribution; not directly competing - bigger primates are higher up and smaller primates are lower down - different food specializations - squirrel monkeys (understory-bugs), bigger monkeys (leaves)
51
predatory-prey study - African Savannah - main predators - total kills - findings?
- looked at total number of kills (46,0000) - 75 baboons killed - main prey: fossa, striped civet, yellow-billed kite, ground boa - other predators: leopards, lions, hyenas, crocodiles, python - baboons are not the primary food source - successful
52
Birds of prey in Guyana
- good predators - killed 47 monkeys of 141 kills - 1 cebid monkey per month
53
Ecuadorian hunter/gatherer tribe
- 3 year time period - 562 wooly monkeys, 246 howler - eat them
54
Chimpanzees as predators - what do they eat? - what increases success?
- eat red colobus monkeys | - number of hunters in the part increases percent success
55
anti-predator defenses
- cryptic hiding - leaping locomotion - large groups - multi-male groups - communication and social strategies - higher reproductive rate to overcome mortality
56
Parasite Avoidance in baboons - person who observed it - location - parasite name - mechanism
- Glenn Hausfater - Amboseli - avoided life cycle of intestinal parasite called strongyloides - parasite takes 2-3 days to hatch and is infectious for 4.5 days; neutralized by sun and removal by dung beetles - baboons move away and come back in about 9 days when threat of parasite is gone
57
parasite avoidance in capuchins
- high percent of monkeys carry parasites | - groom each other to remove ticks and check for parasites
58
GI parasites in Howler monkeys - study - study question - researcher - findings
- are parasites worse in disturbed forest than undisturbed forest? - collected fecal matter and looked for parasites - found that parasite load is higher in disturbed forest
59
Microbial exchange across species - researcher - monkeys studies
- Tony Goldberg - looked at fecal matter and realized that there is an exchange of bacteria between humans and animals - studied BW colobus, red colobus, red-tailed Guenon
60
Herpes saimari - who is affected? - how is it transmitted? - who is NOT affected?
- latent virus in squirrel monkeys or capuchins - vertical transmission (mother-->offspring) - infectious and lethal to tamarins and marmosets, spider monkeys and owl monkeys (causes leukemia) - this type also doesn't affect humans - possible germ warfare??
61
How primates deal with complex environments
- limit land use | - activity during many parts of the day (cathemeral - diurnal and nocturnal)
62
capuchin vs. chimpanzee - foraging times | -what do they have in common?
- chimps: rainy season - capuchin: dry season - both opportunistic omnivores
Primate Behavior 2
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